General elections were held in Japan on 30 April 1937,^[2] after the dissolution of Parliament on 31 March. Rikken Minseitō emerged as the largest in Parliament, with 179 of the 466 seats. The election was a major victory for the Shakai Taishūtō, which became the third-largest party in the Diet. It was the first socialist party to do so in Japanese history. In contrast, the mildly pro-military Rikken Minseitō lost several seats and fascist groups such as Tōhōkai remained minor forces in the House. A month after the election, the Emperor replaced Prime Minister Hayashi with Fumimaro Konoe. Voter turnout was 73.3%.^[3]

Quick Facts All 466 seats in the House of Representatives 234 seats needed for a majority, Turnout ...

1937 Japanese general election

← 1936 30 April 1937 1942 →
All 466 seats in the House of Representatives 234 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	71.64% (7.00pp)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Machida Chūji Various[1] Abe Isoo Party Rikken Minseitō Rikken Seiyūkai Shakai Taishūtō Last election 205 174 18 Seats won 179 175 37 Seat change 26 1 19 Popular vote 3,689,355 3,594,863 928,934 Percentage 36.16% 35.23% 9.10% Swing 3.76pp 2.39pp 4.44pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   SWK Leader Vacant Adachi Kenzō Nakano Seigō Party Shōwakai Kokumin Dōmei Tōhōkai Last election 20 15 – Seats won 18 11 11 Seat change 2 4 New party Popular vote 928,934 281,834 221,455 Percentage 4.06% 2.76% 2.17% Swing 0.72pp 1.03pp New party
Prime Minister before election Senjūrō Hayashi Imperial Japanese Army Prime Minister after election Senjūrō Hayashi Imperial Japanese Army

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In February 1937, General Senjūrō Hayashi was appointed prime minister. Just days after taking office and having the Diet enact a budget bill, he ordered a dissolution of the House of Representatives, hoping to weaken the major political parties. The act was opposed by the major political parties as well as by the general public, and quickly became known as the "dine and dash dissolution" (食い逃げ解散, kui-nige kaisan).

In 1941, the Diet under the Konoe government passed a law extending the term of the Representatives from four years to five (衆議院議員任期延長ニ関スル法律). This allowed time to solidify the control of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association over Japanese politics. The Association effectively replaced all political parties in Japan and subsequently dominated the 1942 general election, although numerous factions developed within the Association's caucus in the House. The term extension was effectively repealed by the Constitution of Japan in 1947, which returned the representatives' term of office to 4 years.