The Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国财政部; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Cáizhèngbù) is the constituent department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China which administers macroeconomic policies and the annual budget. It also handles fiscal policy, economic regulations and government expenditure for the state.
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The ministry also records and publishes annual macroeconomic data on China's economy. This includes information such as previous economic growth rates in China, central government debt and borrowing and many other indicators regarding the economy of mainland China.
The Ministry of Finance's remit is smaller than its counterparts in many other states. Macroeconomic management is primarily handled by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). State-owned industries are the responsibility of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, and there are separate regulators for banking, insurance and securities. It also does not handle regulation of the money markets or interest rates. These, together with other aspects of monetary policy, are governed by the People's Bank of China (PBC), mainland China's central bank. The Ministry, NDRC and PBC are equal in status, with their political heads all sitting on the State Council.
In 1969, during the Cultural Revolution, the State Council approved the consolidation of PBC's headquarters as a bureau within the Ministry of Finance.[1]: 38 Local PBC branches were merged into local government finance departments.[1]: 38 In 1978, the PBC was separated from the Ministry of Finance.[2]: 21
The Ministry held China's first bond auction in 1996.[2]: 35
In 2009, the Ministry converted its ownership of $200 billion of China Investment Corporation's debt into equity, a result which relieved CIC of interest payments on the special treasury bonds that had initially capitalized it and instead resulted in CIC paying an annual dividend to the Ministry.[1]: 110–111
The Ministry has sought to implement property taxes since the early 2010s, but has been opposed on this issue by the National People's Congress and many local governments.[3]: 60–61 As of at least early 2024, property taxes have been kept off the legislative agenda.[3]: 60–61
The Ministry is among the state entities which contribute to the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, which was established in an effort to decrease China's reliance on foreign semiconductor companies.[4]: 274 The fund was established in 2014.[4]: 274
During the pre-Reform period of centrally planned public finance, capitalization of industrial and infrastructure projects has handled through public expenditure.[2]: 42–43 The State Planning Commission designated projects and the Ministry allocated revenue to them.[2]: 42–43
The main functions of the Ministry is to carry out the following duties of the state:[5]
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| Number |
Main Function |
Description |
| 1. |
Economic and public finance policies |
Formulating and implementing strategies, policies and guidelines for economic development, public finance for government revenue sharing between the central and provincial governments. |
| 2. |
Administration of public finance and external debt |
Draft laws and regulations on public finance, financial, accounting management, external finance and debts. |
| 3. |
Annual budget for Central People's Government |
Preparing the annual budget of the central government, priority spending, balancing the budget |
| 4. |
Revenue and Tax legislation reforms |
Proposing tax legislation plans - reviewing proposals on tax legislation and tax revenue regulations. |
| 5. |
Central People's Government expendituree |
Administering the central expenditures - procurement, expenses |
| 6. |
Government Revenue distribution |
Formulating and implementing the policy of distribution between the state and government owned enterprises |
| 7. |
Economic Development Expenditure |
Administering the central government expenditures for economic development, the appropriation for central government financed projects, and funds for technological innovation |
| 8. |
Social Security Expenditure |
Managing the social security expenditures from the central government; formulating the accounting management rules on social security funds; monitoring the utilization of the social security funds. |
| 9. |
Domestic government debts |
Formulating and implementing policies, rules and regulations on managing government's domestic debts; treasury bond issuance; formulating policies, rules and regulations on managing government's external debts |
| 10. |
Accounting Regulations |
Formulating and implementing accounting regulations - for government and private corporations and promoting accountability and transparency. |
| 11. |
Fiscal and Tax Policies |
Monitoring the implementation of fiscal and tax policies - laws and regulations, examining problems with the system and making changes. |
| 12. |
Fiscal research and education |
Research into fiscal policy and education resources to the wider community. |
| 13. |
Other Duties as Directed |
Undertaking other assignments of the State Council. |
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The Ministry of Finance in involved the foreign aid process through making China's donations to multilateral financial institutions.[2]: 73
Organizational structure obtained from the Ministry of Finance website:[5]
- General Office
- Policy & Programme Department
- Legal Department
- Tax Policy Department
- Tariff Policy Department
- Budget Department
- Treasury Department
- National Defense Department
- Administrative & Law Enforcement Department
- Education, Science & Culture Department
- Economic Construction Department
- Agriculture Department
- Social Security Department
- State Equity & Corporate Finance Department
- Finance Department
- International Department [6]
- Accounting Regulatory Department
- Supervision Department
- State Rural Development Office
- Personnel & Education Department
All of the leaders are members of the Ministry's Communist Party Committee, with Lan Fo'an as its secretary.[7][8]
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The MOF also acted as the controlling shareholder for a number of financial service companies of China, such as People's Insurance Company of China, China Life Insurance Group (parent of China Life), China Taiping Insurance Group (parent of China Taiping Insurance Holdings), etc. The Ministry also owned Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, China Great Wall Asset Management, China Cinda Asset Management, China Orient Asset Management, China Huarong Asset Management and China Re, etc.
MOF also owned China Railway, China Tobacco and CITIC Group.
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