Nornicotine

Nornicotine

Nornicotine

Chemical compound

Nornicotine is an alkaloid found in various plants including Nicotiana, the tobacco plant.[1] It is chemically similar to nicotine, but does not contain a methyl group.

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It is a precursor to the carcinogen N-nitrosonornicotine that is produced during the curing and processing of tobacco.[2] Nornicotine can react in human saliva to form N-nitrosonornicotine,[3] a known type 1 carcinogen.[4]

Synthesis

There are several routes for the synthesis of nornicotine. One route is the demethylation of nicotine, which can be accomplished by reaction with silver oxide.[5]

Another route is the partial reduction of 3-myosmine, which can be accomplished by standard catalytic hydrogenation conditions using palladium as a catalyst[6] or with sodium borohydride.[7] This reaction gives the racemic product.

Pharmacology

Nornicotine possess high affinity for alpha-6 and alpha-7 subunits of nAChRs.[8] It also inhibits DAT in striatum via nAChR and releases dopamine in rats.[9][10][11]

References

  1. [1]
    Laszlo C, Kaminski K, Guan H, Fatarova M, Wei J, Bergounioux A, Schlage WK, Schorderet-Weber S, Guy PA, Ivanov NV, Lamottke K, Hoeng J (November 2022). "Fractionation and Extraction Optimization of Potentially Valuable Compounds and Their Profiling in Six Varieties of Two Nicotiana Species". Molecules. 27 (22): 8105. doi:10.3390/molecules27228105. PMC 9694777. PMID 36432206.
  2. [2]
    Siminszky, B. (2005). "Conversion of nicotine to nornicotine in Nicotiana tabacum is mediated by CYP82E4, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (41): 14919–24. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506581102. PMC 1253577. PMID 16192354.
  3. [3]
    Knezevich A, Muzic J, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Stepanov I (February 2013). "Nornicotine nitrosation in saliva and its relation to endogenous synthesis of N'-nitrosonornicotine in humans". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 15 (2): 591–5. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts172. PMC 3611998. PMID 22923602.
  4. [4]
    "List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans". monographs.iarc.fr. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  5. [5]
    Spaeth (1936). "Über dasd-Nor-nicotin". Chem. Ber. 69 (2): 250–251. doi:10.1002/cber.19360690207.
  6. [6]
    Haines (1945). "Chemical Reactivity of Myosmine". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67 (8): 1258–1260. doi:10.1021/ja01224a011.
  7. [7]
    Dickerson, TJ; Janda, KD (2002). "Aqueous aldol catalysis by a nicotine metabolite". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (13): 3220–1. doi:10.1021/ja017774f. PMID 11916401..
  8. [8]
    Papke RL, Dwoskin LP, Crooks PA (April 2007). "The pharmacological activity of icotine and nornicotine on nAChRs subtypes: relevance to nicotine dependence and drug discovery". Journal of Neurochemistry. 101 (1): 160–7. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04355.x. PMID 17241116.
  9. [9]
    Middleton LS, Crooks PA, Wedlund PJ, Cass WA, Dwoskin LP (March 2007). "Nornicotine inhibition of dopamine transporter function in striatum via nicotinic receptor activation". Synapse. 61 (3): 157–65. doi:10.1002/syn.20351. PMID 17146768. S2CID 35071082.
  10. [10]
    Dwoskin LP, Teng LH, Crooks PA (September 2001). "Nornicotine, a nicotine metabolite and tobacco alkaloid: desensitization of nicotinic receptor-stimulated dopamine release from rat striatum". European Journal of Pharmacology. 428 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01283-3. PMID 11779039.
  11. [11]
    Dwoskin LP, Buxton ST, Jewell AL, Crooks PA (June 1993). "S(-)-nornicotine increases dopamine release in a calcium-dependent manner from superfused rat striatal slices". Journal of Neurochemistry. 60 (6): 2167–74. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03502.x. PMID 8492124. S2CID 25622404.
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