Teens who bully, harass, or otherwise victimize their peers may do so as a way to strategically use aggression to climb their school’s social hierarchy, a new study shows.

The findings, which run counter to the idea that bullying teens lash out in reaction to psychological problems or unhealthy home environments, point to the reasons why most anti-bullying programs don’t work and suggest possible strategies for the future.

“To the extent that this is true, we should expect them to target not vulnerable wallflowers, but their own friends, and friends-of-friends, who are more likely to be their rivals for higher rungs on the social ladder,” says Robert Faris, a professor of sociology and bullying researcher at the University of California, Davis, and author of the new paper, published in the American Journal of Sociology .

Faris says friends and associates with close ties to one another likely compete for positions within the same clubs, classrooms, sports, and dating subgroups, which heightens the risk of conflict and aggression. The new paper is the first known to show that those rivals are often their own friends.

This differs from some common theories and definitions of bullying, in which the behavior stems from an imbalance of power and is mainly directed at youths in the lower social strata in school or community environments who possibly have physical, social, or psychological vulnerabilities.

‘Frenemy’ effect

The study focuses, instead, on a broader definition of peer aggression—theorizing that aggression can actually improve the social status of the aggressor.

Using a large, longitudinal social network study of more than 3,000 eighth, ninth, and 10th graders in North Carolina over the course of a single school year, the authors found that teens who were friends in the fall were more than three times as likely to bully or victimize each other in the spring of that same school year.

This is not merely animosity between former friends who drifted apart: Schoolmates whose friendships ended during the year were three times as likely to bully or victimize each other in the spring, while those whose friendships continued over the school year were over four times as likely to bully those friends, the researchers say.

This “frenemy effect” is not explained by the amount of time friends spent together, Faris says. Additionally, “structurally equivalent” classmates—those who are not necessarily friends, but who share many friends in common—are also more likely to bully or otherwise victimize each other.

Compared to schoolmates with no overlapping friendships, those whose friendships are perfectly overlapping are roughly three times more likely to bully each other, and those who share the same bullies or victims are more than twice as likely to bully each other.

Finally, having friends victimize you is particularly painful, and is associated with significant increases in symptoms of depression and anxiety, and significant decreases in school attachment, researchers say.

Real-life case: Megan Meier

The paper cites the real-life case of Megan Meier , who hanged herself in 2007 after people she thought were her friends bullied her—with the added twist of a mother orchestrating the social media bullying scheme.

“The tragedy of Megan Meier highlights more than the limitations of the criminal justice system in addressing complex, often subtle, social problems like bullying,” the researchers say. The case illustrates the need for research in this area: “…contrary to the once-prevailing view of bullying as a maladjusted reaction to psychological deficiencies, emotional dysregulation, empathy deficits, or problematic home lives, [the perpetrator of the bullying] is one of millions of adolescents who has harmed a schoolmate for instrumental reasons: to exact retribution, achieve prominence, or vanquish a rival,” the researchers say. Indeed, the research shows, “the desire for popularity motivates much aggressive behavior.”

Additionally, the researchers conclude, few anti-bullying programs work. “The reason for the typically low success rates, we believe, is that aggressive behavior accrues social rewards, and to a degree that leads some to betray their closest friends.

Even the most successful prevention programs are unable to alter the aggressive behavior of popular bullies, who use cruelty to gain and maintain status,” the authors say. The popularity contests ubiquitous in secondary schools, the authors write, encourage peer bullying.

The authors suggest that efforts to support and strengthen adolescent friendships—such as broadening extracurricular offerings and hosting camps, trainings and retreats—could help de-emphasize popularity and reduce the “frenemy effect.”

Additional coauthors are from Penn State and Northeastern University. The National Science Foundation and Penn State supported the work.

Source: UC Davis

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