The motion of snakes slithering around obstacles mimics aspects of light or subatomic particles when they encounter a diffraction grating, researchers report.

The effect of this “mechanical diffraction” let researchers observe how the skeletal and muscular dynamics of the snakes’ propagating body waves altered their trajectories. The researchers studied live snakes as they slithered through an obstacle made up of six force-sensitive rigid pegs that buckled the animals’ bodies, changing their paths in predictable ways.

The results, which appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, indicate that Western Shovel-nosed snakes (Chionactis occipitalis) don’t deliberately change direction when they encounter obstacles while speeding across the sand.

New shapes

Understanding the movement of these limbless animals could help engineers improve the control of autonomous search and rescue robots designed to operate on sand, grass, and other complex environments.

“The idea behind passive dynamics is that there are waveform shape changes being made by the animal that are driven entirely by the passive properties of their bodies,” says Perrin Schiebel, a recent PhD graduate of the School of Physics at Georgia Institute of Technology.

“Instead of sending a signal to activate a muscle, the interaction of the snakes’ bodies with the external environment is what causes the shape change. The forces of the obstacles are pushing the snake bodies into a new shape.”

The colorful shovel-nosed snake normally uses a sinusoidal S-shaped wave to move across the deserts of the Southwest United States. Running into rigid pegs in a laboratory environment doesn’t lead it to actively change that waveform, which Schiebel and colleagues studied using high-speed video cameras with eight different animals.

Limbless locomotors

Researchers used 253 snake trips to build up a diffraction pattern. Remarkably, the pattern also revealed that the scattering directions were “quantized” such that a pattern mimicking wave interference could represent the probability of finding a snake behind the array. A computational model captured the pattern, demonstrating how obstacle encounters via passive body buckling altered the snakes’ direction.

“One problem with robots moving in the real world is that we don’t yet have principles by which we can understand how best to control these robots on granular surfaces like sand, leaf litter, rubble, or grass,” says Daniel Goldman, professor in the School of Physics.

“The point of this study was to try to understand how limbless locomotors, which have long bodies that can bend in interesting ways using potentially complicated neuromechanical control schemes, manage to move through complicated terrain.”

“The robot tends to have aspects that mimic features of the subatomic world—the quantum world,” Goldman says. “When it collides with barriers, a robot propagates through those barriers using waves of body bending.

“Its trajectory deviates as it exits the barriers, and many repeated trials reveal a ‘lumpy’ scattering pattern, analogous to experiments. We realized that we could use this surprising and beautiful phenomenon, classical physics but with self-propulsion a key feature, as a scattering experiment to interrogate the control scheme used by the snakes.”

‘Blindfolded’ snakes

Experimentally, the researchers used a “snake arena” covered with shag carpet to mimic sand. Undergraduate students Alex Hubbard and Lillian Chen released the snakes one at a time into the arena and encouraged them to slither through the grating.

The eyes of desert snakes are naturally covered with scales to protect them. The researchers used children’s face paint to temporarily “blindfold” the animals so the researches wouldn’t distract them. The paint didn’t harm the animals.

“When we put the snakes down in the arena, they started moving using the same waveform they use on desert sand,” Schiebel says. “They would then encounter the dowel grating, pass through it, and continue on the other side still using that waveform.”

Instead of continuing to travel through the arena in a straight line, the snakes would exit at a different angle, though they didn’t grab the posts or use them to assist their movement.

Schiebel worked with Zeb Rocklin, an assistant professor of physics, to model the directional changes. The model showed how simple interactions between the snakes’ wave pattern and the grating produce patterns of favored scattering directions.

“We think the snake is essentially operating in a model that control engineers would consider ‘open loop,'” Goldman says. “It is setting a particular motor program on its body, which generates the characteristic wave pattern, and when it collides with the obstacle, its body mechanics allow it to deform and move the posts without degrading its speed.”

Help for first responders

Goldman believes the work could help developers of snake-like robots improve their control schemes.

“We think that our discoveries of the role of passive dynamics in the snake can facilitate new snake robot designs that will enable them to move through complex environments more fluidly,” he says. “The goal would be to build search and rescue robots that can get into these complex environments and help first responders.”

And as a bonus, Goldman says, “We find that the richness of interactions between self-propelled systems like snakes and robots with their environment is fascinating from the standpoint of ‘active matter’ physics.”

The National Science Foundation, Army Research Office, Defense Advanced Projects Agency, and a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship funded the work.

Source: Georgia Tech

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