The year 1534 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

• Oronce Finé publishes Quadrans astrolabicus in Paris.

• April 20 – September 5 – Expedition of Jacques Cartier to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.^[1]
  • May 10 – Cartier reaches Newfoundland.
  • June 9 – Cartier is the first European to discover the Saint Lawrence River.

• Petrus Apianus publishes Primi Mobilis Instrumentum in Nuremberg, on trigonometry and containing tables of sines.

• Girolamo Fracastoro publishes Di Vini Temperatura.
• Stefan Falimierz publishes On Herbs and Their Potency (O ziolach y o moczy gich).

• September 28 − Samuel Eisenmenger, German physician and mathematician (died 1585)
• November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger, German physician and botanist (died 1598)
• undated − Volcher Coiter, Dutch anatomist (died 1576)

• December 13 − Paul of Middelburg, Flemish scientist and bishop (born 1446)
• December 23 – Otto Brunfels, German botanist (born c. 1488)