The year 1546 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

• Hieronymus Bock publishes the second, illustrated, edition of his flora of Germany, the Kreutterbuch.

• Antonio Musa Brassavola of Ferrara publishes the first definitely recorded successful tracheostomy.^[1]
• Valerius Cordus' pharmacopoeia Dispensatorium published posthumously in Nuremberg.
• Girolamo Fracastoro, in his De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis (published in Venice), discusses the transmission of infectious diseases and gives the first description of typhus.
• Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia describes the stapes bone of the middle ear.

• December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (died 1601).
• date unknown
  • Thomas Digges, English astronomer (died 1595)
  • Heo Jun, Korean physician (died 1615)
  • Katharina Kepler, née Guldenmann, German healer and mother of Johannes Kepler (died 1622)
• approx. date – Paul Wittich, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1586)

• Ruy López de Villalobos, Spanish explorer (born 1500)