Events from the year 1554 in art.

• Gerlach Flicke, temporarily imprisoned in London with pirate Henry Strangways, paints a diptych of them both, which constitutes the earliest known self-portrait in oils in England.
• A group of Edinburgh painters, led by one Walter Binning, assault an outsider, David Warkman, who has been painting a ceiling in the city.^[1]

• February 27 - Giovanni Battista Paggi, Italian painter (died 1627)
• date unknown
  • Paul Brill, landscape painter of frescoes who worked in Rome (died 1626)
  • Cesare Corte, Italian painter active mainly in his natal city of Genoa (died 1613)
  • Augustin Cranach, German painter, son of Lucas Cranach the Younger (died 1595)
  • Costantini de' Servi, Italian painter (died 1622)
  • Mir Emad Hassani, Persian Nastaʿlīq script calligrapher (died 1615)
  • Rombertus van Uylenburgh, father-in-law of Rembrandt (died 1624)
• probable - William Segar, court painter to Queen Elizabeth I of England (died 1633)

• April - Simone Mosca, Italian sculptor (born 1492)
• December 22 - Moretto da Brescia, Italian Renaissance painter of Brescia and Venice (born 1498)
• date unknown
  • Giovanni Francesco Rustici, Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor (born 1474)
  • Anthony Toto, Italian painter and architect (born 1498)
• probable
  • Michelangelo Anselmi, Italian Renaissance-Mannerist painter active mostly in Parma (born 1492)
  • Hans Brosamer, German engraver, wood-cutter, and portraitist (born 1506)