The year 1606 in music involved some significant events.

• January 5 – The nuptial masque Hymenaei, with music by Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger, is performed in London.

• Agostino Agazzari
  • Sacrae cantiones... liber quartus (Rome: Aloysio Zannetti)
  • Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
• Gregor Aichinger
  • Mass for the solemnity of Corpus Christi (Augsburg: Johannes Praetorius)
  • Vulnera Christi for three and four voices (Dillingen: Adam Metzler)
  • Fasciculus sacrarum harmoniarum quatuor vocum (Dillingen: Adam Metzler)
• Richard Allison – An howres recreation in Musicke, apt for instruments and voyces (London: John Windet)
• Felice Anerio – Responsoria (Rome: Aloysio Zannetti)
• Bartolomeo Barbarino – Madrigali di diversi autori for solo voice with theorbo, harpsichord, or other instruments (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), also includes a song for two tenors
• John Bartlet – A Booke of Ayres with a Triplicitie of Musicke (London: John Windet), a collection of lute songs for 1, 2, & 4 voices
• Sethus Calvisius – Herr Gott wer kan aussgründen for four voices (Leipzig: Abraham Lamberg), a motet
• Giovanni Paolo Cima – Partito de ricercari, & canzoni alla francese (Milan: Simon Tini & Filippo Lomazzo)
• Camillo Cortellini – Psalms for eight voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
• Christian Erbach – Modorum sacrorum tripertitorum, quibus solennium sacrorum per annum initia for five voices, parts 2 & 3 (Dillingen: Adam Meltzer), a collection of introits, alleluias, and post-communion songs
• Giacomo Finetti – Orationes vespertinae for four voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), music for Vespers
• Marco da Gagliano – Fourth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
• Konrad Hagius – Canticum Virginis intemeratae (ie. Magnificat) for four, five, and six voices (Dillingen: Adam Meltzer)
• Sigismondo d'India – First book of madrigals for five voices (Milan: Agostino Tradate)
• Marc'Antonio Ingegneri
  • Second book of hymns for four voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), published posthumously
  • Sixth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), published posthumously
• Claude Le Jeune
  • Pseaumes en vers mesurez for two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight voices (Paris: Pierre Ballard), published posthumously
  • Octonaires de la vanité et inconstance du monde (Eight-line poems on the vanity and inconstancy of the world) for three and four voices (Paris: Pierre Ballard), published posthumously
• Tiburtio Massaino – Sacri modulorum concentus for eight, nine, ten, twelve, fifteen, and sixteen voices, Op. 31 (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
• Ascanio Mayone – First book of ricercars for three voices (Naples: Giovanni Battista Sottile)
• Claudio Merulo – Second book of canzoni d'intavolatura d'organo (Venice: Angelo Gardano & fratelli), published posthumously
• Girolamo Montesardo – Nuova inventione d'intavolatura per sonare li balletti sopra la chitarra spanuola, published in Florence, the first printed source of alfabeto notation for the guitar
• Nicola Parma – Motets for eight and twelve voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
• Serafino Patta - Missa, psalmi, motecta ac litaniae in honorem Deiparae Virginis... (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
• Enrico Antonio Radesca (Radesca di Foggia) – Second book of canzonettas, madrigals and arie della romana for two voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Filippo Lomazzo)

• Agostino Agazzari – Eumelio (oratorio),^[1] premiered in Rome at the Roman Seminary during Carnival, published in Venice by Ricciardo Amadino
• John Coprario – Funeral Teares for one and two voices (London: John Windet for William Barley for John Browne), written on the death of the Earl of Devonshire (April 3, 1606).

• Andrea Cima – La Gentile

• date unknown
  • William Child, organist and composer (d. 1697)
  • Johannes Khuen, poet and composer (d. 1675)
  • Urbán de Vargas, composer (d. 1656)

• January 28 – Guillaume Costeley, composer (b. c.1530)
• September 9 – Leonhard Lechner, composer and music editor (born c. 1553)
• date unknown
  • Jan Trojan Turnovský, composer (born c.1550)
  • Jiří Nigrin, music publisher
• probable – Pellegrino Micheli, violin maker (born c.1530)