Formation

The Territorial Force (TF) was formed on 1 April 1908 following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force, the Honourable Artillery Company and the Yeomanry. On formation, the TF contained 14 infantry divisions and 14 mounted yeomanry brigades.^[1] One of the divisions was the East Anglian Division and the East Midland Brigade formed one of its constituent brigades.^{[2][lower-alpha 1]}

As the name suggests, the brigade recruited in the East Midlands of England and commanded four infantry battalions:

• 5th Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment^{[lower-alpha 2]}
• 4th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment^{[lower-alpha 3]}
• 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment^{[lower-alpha 4]}
• 1st Battalion, Hertfordshire Regiment^{[lower-alpha 5]}

In peacetime, the brigade headquarters was in Bedford.^[2] The battalions were organized on an 8-company basis, but shortly after the outbreak of the First World War they were reorganized on the regular army standard of four companies in January 1915.^[3]

First World War

The brigade was on its annual fortnight's training camp when the First World War broke out on 4 August 1914. It immediately mobilized and concentrated at Bury St Edmunds;^[4] it was employed on coastal defence duties in East Anglia until May 1915.^[3]

In accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course.^[5] The East Midland Brigade formed the 2nd East Midland Brigade in this manner with an identical structure.^[6]

The 1/1st Battalion, Hertfordshire Regiment^{[lower-alpha 10]} left the brigade on 6 November 1914, landed at Le Havre and joined the 4th (Guards) Brigade in 2nd Division on the Western Front.^[12] It was to remain on the Western Front for the rest of the war.^[11] Likewise, the 1/1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment landed at Le Havre on 15 February 1915 and joined the 82nd Brigade in 27th Division.^[12] It also spent the rest of the war on the Western Front.^[10] They were replaced by the 10th (Hackney) and 11th (Finsbury Rifles) battalions of the London Regiment, transferred from 3rd London Brigade, 1st London Division in April 1915.^[13]

Inter-war period

The Territorial Force was effectively disbanded in 1919, but started to reform from 1 February 1920 as the units commenced recruiting. From 1 October 1921, it was renamed as the Territorial Army (TA).^[21] In 1920, the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division (and the brigade) began to reform in Eastern Command^[17] with the same structure as the pre-war formation, and the brigade was reconstituted as 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade.^[21] However, in the early 1920s, the 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment was transferred to 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Infantry Brigade and replaced by the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, previously the Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalion of the Army Cyclist Corps^[22]

In 1938, a major reorganization of the Territorial Army saw infantry divisions reduced from twelve to nine battalions and so the 162nd Brigade was reduced from four to three battalions.^[23] Consequently, the 4th Northants were transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted as 50th (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers with a searchlight role and became part of 32nd (South Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division.^[24][25] The 5th Northants were transferred to the 143rd (Warwickshire) Infantry Brigade of the 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division in 1938 and received the 1st Cambridgeshires as a replacement (which had transferred to 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Infantry Brigade in the 1920s).^[26]

By 1939, it became clear that a new European war was likely to break out, and as a direct result of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia on 15 March,^[23] the doubling of the Territorial Army was authorised, with each unit and formation forming a duplicate.^[27] The 162nd Brigade formed the 55th Infantry Brigade which became part of a new 18th Infantry Division.^[28]

Second World War

At the outbreak of Second World War on 3 September 1939, the 162nd Infantry Brigade was part of 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division in Eastern Command.^[31] Apart from a period (5 December 1942 – 15 August 1943) when it served under London District, as 162nd Independent Infantry Brigade from 10 November 1942 to 5 September 1943, the brigade remained with the 54th Division until the division was disbanded in December 1943. Thereafter, the brigade formed part of the Line of communication (LoC) for 21st Army Group, the last two months of its existence under 12th LoC Area.^[29]

The brigade headquarters disbanded on 31 August 1944, having never left the United Kingdom.^[29]

Post war

The Territorial Army was formally disbanded at the end of the war. TA units were reactivated on 1 January 1947, though no personnel were assigned until commanding officers and permanent staff had been appointed in March and April 1947.^[33] The brigade was reformed in 1947 as the 162nd Independent Infantry Brigade and commanded:^[34]

• 5th Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
• 1st Battalion, Hertfordshire Regiment
• 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment
• 162nd Brigade Signals, Royal Corps of Signals
• 162nd Brigade, Royal Army Service Corps
• 162nd Brigade Workshop

On 1 May 1961, the ten existing TA divisions were merged with the districts, and the number of infantry brigades were reduced from 31 to 23.^[35] On 1 April 1961, the 5th Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment^[36] was amalgamated with the 1st Battalion, Hertfordshire Regiment^[37] to form the 1st Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment.^{[36][lower-alpha 12]} On 1 May 1961, the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment^[39] amalgamated with R (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Battery, 438th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment RA (formerly 4th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment)^[40] to form 4th/5th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment.^[41]