This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1680.

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• February – Thomas Otway's blank verse tragedy The Orphan, or The Unhappy Marriage is premiered in London.^[1]
• The spring/summer production of Nathaniel Lee's Theodosius at Dorset Garden features Henry Purcell's earliest theatre music.
• August 8 – The Comédie-Française is founded by decree of King Louis XIV of France to merge the two Parisian acting troupes of the time, those of the Guénégaud Theatre and the Hôtel de Bourgogne.
• unknown dates
  • The poem-book Leabhar Cloinne Aodha Buidhe is transcribed by Ruairí Ó hUiginn of Sligo at the command of Cormac Ó Neill.
  • Innerpeffray Library, the oldest known (and surviving) public (lending) library in Scotland, is established.^[2]

• January 23 – Joseph Ames, English author (died 1759)
• September 22 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (died 1747)
• Unknown dates
  • Nicola Coleti, Italian historian and priest (died 1765)
  • Lady Elizabeth Germain, English philanthropist and correspondent (died 1769)
• Probable year of birth
  • Ephraim Chambers, English encyclopedist (died 1740)
  • Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna, Irish poet in Gaelic (died 1756)
  • Nezim Frakulla, Albanian poet (died 1760)

• January 20 – Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (born 1625)^[3]
• March 14 – René Le Bossu, French critic (born 1631)
• March 17 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French dramatist and writer of maxims (born 1613)
• March 27 – William Maurice, Welsh antiquary (born c.1620)
• June 18 – Samuel Butler, English satirical poet (born 1612)
• July 3 – John Martyn, English publisher and bookseller
• July 26 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (born 1647)
• November – Carr Scrope, English poet (born 1649)
• December 4 – Thomas Bartholin, Danish scientist and theologian (born 1616)
• unknown date – François de Grenaille, French dramatist and translator (born 1616)^[4]