The 1830 United States census, the fifth census undertaken in the United States, was conducted on June 1, 1830. The only loss of census records for 1830 involved some countywide losses in Massachusetts, Maryland, and Mississippi.

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1830 United States census
← 1820 June 1, 1830 (1830-06-01) 1840 →
Seal of the United States Marshals Service, which administered the census
General information
Country	United States
Authority	Office of the United States Marshal
Results
Total population	12,866,020 ( 33.5%)
Most populous ​state	New York 1,918,608
Least populous ​state	Delaware 76,748

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It determined the population of the 24 states to be 12,866,020, of which 2,009,043 were slaves. The center of population was about 170 miles (274 km) west of Washington, D.C. in present-day Grant County, West Virginia.

This was the first census in which a city—New York—recorded a population of over 200,000.

The 1830 census asked these questions:^[1]

• Name of head of family
• Address
• Number of free white males and females
  • in five-year age groups to age 20
  • in 10-year age groups from 20 to 100
  • 100 years and older
• number of slaves and free colored persons in six age groups
• number of deaf and dumb
  • under 14 years old
  • 14 to 24 years old
  • 25 years and older
• number of blind
• foreigners not naturalized

No microdata from the 1830 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.

Apportionment Populations^[5]

In the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 states:

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.^[6]

In order to correctly apportion Representatives pursuant to this Census, it was necessary for the Census to compute not only the total population of each state, but the number of free persons and slaves, and then to compute the apportionment population, or Federal number, for each state (and territory) by adding three-fifths of the slave population to the free population. (This was computed by county, so the totals for each state may be off by as many as 1.2 persons due to rounding.)