19-norprogesterone

19-Norprogesterone

19-Norprogesterone

Chemical compound

19-Norprogesterone, also known as 19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a steroidal progestin and close analogue of the sex hormone progesterone, lacking only the C19 methyl group of that molecule. It was first synthesized in 1944 in the form of a mixture that also included unnatural stereoisomers (probably C14 (β) and C17 (α)) of progesterone, and this mixture was found to be at least equivalent to progesterone in terms of progestogenic activity.[1][2][3][4] Subsequent investigations revealed that 17-isoprogesterone and 14-iso-17-isoprogesterone are devoid of progestogenic activity.[3][4] 19-Norprogesterone was resynthesized in 1951 with an improved method,[3] and was confirmed to be the component of the mixture synthesized in 1944 that was responsible for its progestogenic activity.[3] In 1953, a paper was published showing that 19-norprogesterone possessed 4- to 8-fold the activity of progesterone in the Clauberg assay in rabbits,[5] and at the time of this discovery, 19-norprogesterone was the most potent progestogen known.[6][7]

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Similarly to progesterone, 19-norprogesterone is a potent progestogen and possesses high affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR).[8] However, unlike progesterone, which is an antagonist of the MR, 19-norprogesterone acts as a partial agonist of the MR and produces mineralocorticoid effects such as sodium retention, polydipsia, and hypertension in animals.[8] Like progesterone, 19-norprogesterone is very active as a progestogen parenterally but is only minimally active orally.[8] A SARTooltip structure-activity relationship study found that 19-norprogesterone had 47% of the affinity of aldosterone for the rat MR and that 17α-hydroxylation (17α-hydroxy-19-norprogesterone, or gestronol) decreased it to 13%.[8] The addition of 6-methylation with formation of a double bond at this position (nomegestrol) further decreased the MR affinity to 1.2% of that of aldosterone, and subsequent acetylation of the 17α-hydroxy group (nomegestrol acetate) nearly abolished it (0.23%).[8]

The discovery of the retained and potentiated progestogenic activity of 19-norsteroids like 19-norprogesterone resulted in the synthesis of norethisterone, and in turn, the introduction of the first hormonal contraceptives.[6][7] It was reasoned that since ethisterone (17α-ethinyltestosterone) is orally active, and since 19-norprogesterone is a very potent progestin parenterally, that 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone (known now as norethisterone or norethindrone) might be a potent, orally active progestin, and indeed, this was found to be the case.[6]

Chemistry

Derivatives

See also: List of progestogens

19-Norprogesterone is the parent compound of a group of medically used progestins, which includes the following:[9][10][11]

In addition, the testosterone analogue of 19-norprogesterone, 19-nortestosterone (also known as nandrolone), is an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and progestogen, and is the parent compound of a large group of AAS and progestins that includes norethisterone.

See also

References

  1. [1]
    Ehrenstein M (1944). "Investigations on Steroids. VIII. Lower Homologs of Hormones of the Pregnane Series: 10-Nor-11-Desoxy-Corticosterone Acetate and 10-Norprogesterone1". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 09 (5): 435–456. doi:10.1021/jo01187a009. ISSN 0022-3263.
  2. [2]
    Allen WM, Ehrenstein M (September 1944). "0-Nor-Progesterone, A Physiologically Active Lower Homolog of Progesterone". Science. 100 (2594): 251–252. Bibcode:1944Sci...100..251A. doi:10.1126/science.100.2594.251. PMID 17738394.
  3. [3]
    Miramontes L, Rosenkranz G, Djerassi C (1951). "Steroids. XXii. The Synthesis of 19-Norprogesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (7): 3540–3541. doi:10.1021/ja01151a547. ISSN 0002-7863.
  4. [4]
    Djerassi C, Miramontes L, Rosenkranz G (1953). "Steroids. XLVIII. 119-Norprogesterone, a Potent Progestational Hormone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (18): 4440–4442. doi:10.1021/ja01114a013. ISSN 0002-7863.
  5. [5]
    Tullner WW, Hertz R (March 1953). "High progestational activity of 19-norprogesterone". Endocrinology. 52 (3): 359–361. doi:10.1210/endo-52-3-359. PMID 13033848.
  6. [6]
    Ravina E (11 January 2011). The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-3-527-32669-3.
  7. [7]
    Williams DA, Foye WO, Lemke TL, eds. (January 2002). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 700–. ISBN 978-0-683-30737-5.
  8. [8]
    Paris J, Botella J, Fournau P, Bonnet P, Thevenot R (October 1987). "Extinction of mineralocorticoid effects in 19-norprogesterone derivatives: structure-activity relationships". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 243 (1): 288–291. PMID 2822901.
  9. [9]
    Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH (December 2003). "Classification and pharmacology of progestins". Maturitas. 46 (Suppl 1): S7–S16. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.014. PMID 14670641.
  10. [10]
    Sitruk-Ware R (April 2004). "Pharmacological profile of progestins". Maturitas. 47 (4): 277–283. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.01.001. PMID 15063480.
  11. [11]
    Sitruk-Ware R (2004). "New progestogens: a review of their effects in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women". Drugs & Aging. 21 (13): 865–883. doi:10.2165/00002512-200421130-00004. PMID 15493951. S2CID 9543491.
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