This is a timeline documenting events of jazz in the year 1906.

• Duke Ellington starts playing the piano at the age of seven.^[1]

January

• 4 – Frankie Newton, American trumpeter (died 1954).
• 6 – Bobby Stark, American trumpeter (died 1945).^[2]

March

• 3 – Barney Bigard, American clarinetist (died 1980).
• 13 – Frank Teschemacher, American clarinetist and alt saxophonist (died 1932).
• 27 – Pee Wee Russell, American clarinet and saxophones (died 1969).

April

• 3
  • Billy Taylor, American upright bassist (died 1986).
  • Fats Pichon, American pianist, singer, bandleader, and songwriter (died 1967).
• 10
  • Fud Livingston, American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, arranger, and composer (died 1957).
  • Kai Ewans, Danish reedist (died 1988).
• 18 – Little Brother Montgomery, American pianist and singer (died 1985).
• 22 – Alex Hill, American pianist (died 1937).^[3]
• 29 – Ward Pinkett, American trumpeter (died 1937).^[4]
• 30 – Hayes Pillars, American tenor saxophonist and bandleader (died 1992).

May

• 7 – Edward Inge, American arranger and reedist (died 1988).

June

• 7 – Glen Gray, American saxophonist and band leader, Casa Loma Orchestra (died 1963).
• 13 – Edwin Swayze, American trumpeter and composer (died 1935).
• 18 – Ray Bauduc, American drummer (died 1988).

July

• 9 – Joe Darensbourg, American clarinetist and saxophonist (died 1985).
• 25 – Johnny Hodges, American alto saxophonist (died 1970).

August

• 10 – Robert De Kers, Belgian trumpeter and bandleader (died 1987).
• 19 – Eddie Durham, American guitarist, trombonist, composer, and arranger (died 1987).

September

• 23 – Sterling Bose, American trumpeter and cornetist (died 1958).^[5]
• 25 – Jaroslav Ježek, Czechoslovakian composer, pianist, and conductor (died 1942).

October

• 10 – Leo Mathisen, Danish pianist, composer, arranger, singer, and bandleader (died 1969).^[6]
• 15 – Victoria Spivey, American singer and songwriter (died 1976).

November

• 9 – Pete Brown, American alto saxophonist and bandleader (died 1963).^[7]
• 22 – Guy Kelly, American trumpeter (died 1940).^[8]

December

• 6 – Fulton McGrath, American pianist and songwriter (died 1958).^[9]
• 28 – René Compère, Belgian trumpeter (died 1969).^[10]

Unknown date

• Cuba Austin, American drummer (died 1961).
• Leon "Pee Wee" Whittaker, American Trombonist (died 1993).