The following lists events that happened during 1923 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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← 1922 1921 1920 1923 in the Soviet Union → 1924 1925 1926
Decades:	1920s 1930s 1940s
See also:	History of the Soviet Union List of years in the Soviet Union

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• General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
• Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets – Mikhail Kalinin
• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – Vladimir Lenin

• 9 January – Eduard Kolmanovsky, People's Artist of the USSR
• 11 August – Maxim Grabovenko, Hero of the Soviet Union
• 13 September – Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Hero of the Soviet Union
• 26 September – Aleksandr Alov, film director
• 29 September – Aleksei Fedorovich Filippov, mathematician
• 31 October – Ivan Otmakhov, Hero of the Soviet Union
• 9 November – Viktor Turbin, Hero of the Soviet Union
• 11 November – Isaac Trachtenberg, Hygienist
• 22 November – Yury Nikandrov, Olympic shooter
• 29 November – Inna Zubkovskaya, ballerina
• 14 December – Akhsarbek Abaev, Hero of the Soviet Union

• 1923 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
• List of Soviet films of 1923