The following lists events that happened during 1934 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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← 1933 1932 1931 1934 in the Soviet Union → 1935 1936 1937
Decades:	1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
See also:	History of the Soviet Union List of years in the Soviet Union

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• General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
• Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets – Mikhail Kalinin
• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – Vyacheslav Molotov

• 26 Jan–10 Feb – 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
• 18 September – Soviet Union joins the League of Nations as a permanent Board member^[1]

• 7 January – Viktor Pavlovich Potapov, military officer (d. 2021)
• 2 February – Otar Iosseliani, Georgian film director (d. 2023 in Georgia)
• 9 March – Yuri Gagarin, first man in space (d. 1968 in the Soviet Union)
• 23 March – Ludvig Faddeev, physicist and mathematician (d. 2017)
• 7 April – Lev Anninsky, Russian literary critic, historian and screenwriter (d. 2019)
• 8 May – Anastasiya Kobzarenko, librarian
• 29 August – Gennady Kazmin, politician (d. 2018)
• 4 September – Eduard Khil, baritone (d. 2012)
• 13 September – Tamara Milashkina, soprano (d. 2024)
• 16 September – Tamara Manina, artistic gymnast
• 8 December – Alisa Freindlich, actress

• 6 July – Nestor Makhno, anarchist, in exile (b. 1888)
• 1 December – Sergei Kirov, Bolshevik revolutionary and politician, assassinated (b. 1886)