1_picometre

Orders of magnitude (length)

Orders of magnitude (length)

Range of lengths from the subatomic to the astronomical scales


The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

Graphical overview of sizes

Overview

Detailed list

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between  metres and metres.

Subatomic scale

More information Factor (m), Multiple ...

Atomic to cellular scale

More information Factor (m), Multiple ...

Cellular to human scale

More information Factor (m), Multiple ...

Human to astronomical scale

More information Factor (m), Multiple ...

Astronomical scale

More information , ...

1 quectometre and less

The quectometre (SI symbol: qm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1030 metres. To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths shorter than 10−30 m (1 qm).

  • 1.6 × 10−5 quectometres (1.6 × 10−35 metres) – the Planck length (Measures of distance shorter than this do not make physical sense, according to current theories of physics.)
  • 1 qm – 1 quectometre, the smallest named subdivision of the metre in the SI base unit of length, one nonillionth of a metre.[54]

1 rontometre

The rontometre (SI symbol: rm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1027 metres.

  • 1 rm – 1 rontometre, a subdivision of the metre in the SI base unit of length, one octillionth of a metre.[54]

10 rontometres

1 yoctometre

The yoctometre (SI symbol: ym) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1024 metres.

1 zeptometre

The zeptometre (SI symbol: zm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1021 metres. To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−21 m and 10−20 m (1 zm and 10 zm).

10 zeptometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−20 m and 10−19 m (10 zm and 100 zm).

100 zeptometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−19 m and 10−18 m (100 zm and 1 am).

1 attometre

The attometre (SI symbol: am) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1018 metres. To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−18 m and 10−17 m (1 am and 10 am).

10 attometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−17 m and 10−16 m (10 am and 100 am).

100 attometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−16 m and 10−15 m (100 am and 1 fm).

1 femtometre (or 1 fermi)

The femtometre (SI symbol: fm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1015 metres. In particle physics, this unit is sometimes called a fermi, also with abbreviation "fm". To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−15 metres and 10−14 metres (1 femtometre and 10 fm).

10 femtometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−14 m and 10−13 m (10 fm and 100 fm).

100 femtometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−13 m and 10−12 m (100 fm and 1 pm).

  • 570 fm – typical distance from the atomic nucleus of the two innermost electrons (electrons in the 1s shell) in the uranium atom, the heaviest naturally-occurring atom

1 picometre

The picometre (SI symbol: pm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1012 metres (1/1000000000000 m = 0.000000000001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−12 and 10−11 m (1 pm and 10 pm).

10 picometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−11 and 10−10 m (10 pm and 100 pm).

  • 25 pm – approximate radius of a helium atom, the smallest neutral atom
  • 30.8568 pm – 1 rontoparsec
  • 50 pm – radius of a hydrogen atom
  • 50 pm – bohr radius: approximate radius of a hydrogen atom
  • ~50 pm – best resolution of a high-resolution transmission electron microscope
  • 60 pm – radius of a carbon atom
  • 93 pm – length of a diatomic carbon molecule
  • 96 pm – H–O bond length in a water molecule

100 picometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−10 and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm; 1 Å and 10 Å).

1 nanometre

The nanometre (SI symbol: nm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 109 metres (1/1000000000 m = 0.000000001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−9 and 10−8 m (1 nm and 10 nm).

10 nanometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−8 and 10−7 m (10 nm and 100 nm).

100 nanometres

Comparison of sizes of semiconductor manufacturing process nodes with some microscopic objects and visible light wavelengths. At this scale, the width of a human hair is about 10 times that of the image.[64]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−7 and 10−6 m (100 nm and 1 μm).

  • 100 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a surgical mask[65]
  • 100 nm – 90% of particles in wood smoke are smaller than this.[citation needed]
  • 120 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a ULPA filter[citation needed]
  • 120 nm – diameter of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[66]
  • 120 nm – approximate diameter of SARS-CoV-2[67]
  • 125 nm – standard depth of pits on compact discs (width: 500 nm, length: 850 nm to 3.5 μm)
  • 180 nm – typical length of the rabies virus
  • 200 nm – typical size of a Mycoplasma bacterium, among the smallest bacteria
  • 300–400 nm – near ultraviolet wavelength
  • 300 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter (N100 removes up to 99.97% at 0.3 micrometres, N95 removes up to 95% at 0.3 micrometres)[citation needed]
  • 400–420 nm – wavelength of violet light (see Color and Visible spectrum)
  • 420–440 nm – wavelength of indigo light
  • 440–500 nm – wavelength of blue light
  • 500–520 nm – wavelength of cyan light
  • 520–565 nm – wavelength of green light
  • 565–590 nm – wavelength of yellow light
  • 590–625 nm – wavelength of orange light
  • 625–700 nm – wavelength of red light
  • 700–1.4 μm – wavelength of near-infrared radiation

1 micrometre (or 1 micron)

The silk for a spider's web is 5–7 μm (0.00020–0.00028 in) wide

The micrometre (SI symbol: μm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 106 metres (1/1000000 m = 0.000001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists some items with lengths between 10−6 and 10−5 m (between 1 and 10 micrometres, or μm).

10 micrometres

Fog particles are around 10–50 μm (0.00039–0.00197 in) long.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−5 m and 10−4 m (10 μm and 100 μm).

100 micrometres

A paramecium is around 300 μm (0.012 in) long.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−4 m and 10−3 m (100 μm and 1 mm). The term myriometre (abbr. mom, equivalent to 100 micrometres; frequently confused with the myriametre, 10 kilometres)[79] is deprecated; the decimal metric prefix myrio-[80] is obsolete[81][82][83] and was not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.

1 millimetre

An average red ant is about 5 mm (0.20 in) long.

The millimetre (SI symbol: mm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 103 metres (1/1000 m = 0.001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−3 m and 10−2 m (1 mm and 1 cm).

  • 1.0 mm – 1/1,000 of a metre
  • 1.0 mm – 0.03937 inches or 5/127 (exactly)
  • 1.0 mm – side of a square of area 1 mm²
  • 1.0 mm – diameter of a pinhead
  • 1.5 mm – average length of a flea[26]
  • 2.54 mm – distance between pins on old dual in-line package (DIP) electronic components
  • 5 mm – length of an average red ant
  • 5 mm – diameter of an average grain of rice
  • 5.56×45mm NATO – standard ammunition size
  • 6 mm – approximate width of a pencil
  • 7 mm – length of a Paedophryne amauensis, the smallest-known vertebrate[88]
  • 7.1 mm – length of a sunflower seed
  • 7.62×51mm NATO – common military ammunition size[89]
  • 8 mm – width of old-format home movie film
  • 8 mm – length of a Paedocypris progenetica, the smallest-known fish[90]

1 centimetre

An average human fingernail is 1 cm (0.39 in) wide

The centimetre (SI symbol: cm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 102 metres (1/100 m = 0.01 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−2 m and 10−1 m (1 cm and 1 dm).

  • 1 cm – 10 millimetres
  • 1 cm – 0.39 inches
  • 1 cm – edge of a square of area 1 cm2
  • 1 cm – edge of a cube of volume 1 mL
  • 1 cm – length of a coffee bean
  • 1 cm – approximate width of average fingernail
  • 1.2 cm – length of a bee
  • 1.2 cm – diameter of a die
  • 1.5 cm – length of a very large mosquito
  • 1.6 cm – length of a Jaragua Sphaero, a very small reptile
  • 1.7 cm – length of a Thorius arboreus, the smallest salamander[91]
  • 2 cm – approximate width of an adult human finger
  • 2.54 cm – 1 inch
  • 3.08568 cm – 1 attoparsec
  • 3.4 cm – length of a quail egg[92]
  • 3.5 cm – width of film commonly used in motion pictures and still photography
  • 3.78 cm – amount of distance the Moon moves away from Earth each year[93]
  • 4.3 cm – minimum diameter of a golf ball[94]
  • 5 cm – usual diameter of a chicken egg
  • 5 cm – height of a hummingbird, the smallest-known bird
  • 5.08 cm – 2 inches,
  • 5.5 × 5.5 × 5.5 cm – dimensions of a 3x3x3 Rubik's cube
  • 6.1 cm – average height of an apple
  • 7.3–7.5 cm – diameter of a baseball[27]
  • 8.6 cm × 5.4 cm – dimensions of a standard credit card[citation needed]
  • 9 cm – length of a speckled padloper, the smallest-known turtle

1 decimetre

An adult human foot is about 28 cm (11 in) long.

The decimetre (SI symbol: dm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 101 metres (1/10 m = 0.1 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 centimetres and 100 centimetres (10−1 metre and 1 metre).

Conversions

10 centimetres (abbreviated to 10 cm) is equal to:

Wavelengths

Human-defined scales and structures

  • 10.16 cm = 1.016 dm – 1 hand used in measuring height of horses (4 inches)
  • 12 cm = 1.2 dm – diameter of a compact disc (CD) (= 120 mm)
  • 15 cm = 1.5 dm – length of a Bic pen with cap on
  • 22 cm = 2.2 dm – diameter of a typical association football (soccer ball)
  • 30 cm = 3 dm – typical school-use ruler length (= 300 mm)
  • 30.48 cm = 3.048 dm – 1 foot (measure)
  • 60 cm = 6 dm – standard depth (front to back) of a domestic kitchen worktop in Europe (= 600 mm)
  • 90 cm = 9 dm – average length of a rapier, a fencing sword[29]
  • 91.44 cm = 9.144 dm – one yard (measure)

Nature

  • 10 cm = 1 dm – diameter of the human cervix upon entering the second stage of labour
  • 11 cm = 1.1 dm – diameter of an average potato in the US
  • 13 cm = 1.3 dm – body length of a Goliath birdeater
  • 15 cm = 1.5 dm – approximate size of largest beetle species
  • 19 cm = 1.9 dm – length of a banana
  • 26.3 cm = 2.6 dm – length of average male human foot
  • 29.98 cm = 2.998 dm – distance light in vacuum travels in one nanosecond
  • 30 cm = 3.0 dm – maximum leg length of a Goliath birdeater
  • 31 cm = 3.1 dm – wingspan of largest butterfly species Ornithoptera alexandrae
  • 46 cm = 4.6 dm – length of an average domestic cat
  • 50 to 65 cm = 5–6.5 dm – a coati's tail
  • 66 cm = 6.6 dm – length of the longest pine cones (produced by the sugar pine[95])

Astronomical

  • 84 cm = 8.4 dm – approximate diameter of 2008 TS26, a meteoroid

1 metre

Leonardo da Vinci drew the Vitruvian Man within a square of side 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) and a circle about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) in radius

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between one metre and ten metres. Light, in vacuum, travels 1 metre in 1299,792,458, or 3.3356409519815E-9 of a second.

Conversions

1 metre is:

Human-defined scales and structures

  • 1 m – approximate height of the top part of a doorknob on a door
  • 1 m – diameter of a very large beach ball
  • 1.435 m – standard gauge of railway track used by about 60% of railways in the world = 4 ft 812 in
  • 2.5 m – distance from the floor to the ceiling in an average residential house[96]
  • 2.7 m – length of the Starr Bumble Bee II, the smallest plane
  • 2.77–3.44 m – wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 87–108 MHz
  • 3.05 m – the length of an old Mini
  • 8.38 m – the length of a London Bus (AEC Routemaster)

Sports

  • 2.44 m – height of an association football goal[97]
  • 2.45 m – highest high jump by a human (Javier Sotomayor)[98]
  • 3.05 m – (10 feet) height of the basket in basketball
  • 8.95 m – longest long jump by a human (Mike Powell)[99]

Nature

  • 1 m – height of Homo floresiensis (the "Hobbit")
  • 1.15 m – a pizote (mammal)
  • 1.63 m – (5 feet 4 inches) (or 64 inches) – height of average U.S. female human as of 2002 (source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))
  • 1.75 m – (5 feet 8 inches) – height of average U.S. male human as of 2002 (source: U.S. CDC as per female above)
  • 2.5 m – height of a sunflower
  • 2.72 m – (8 feet 11 inches) – tallest-known human (Robert Wadlow)[30]
  • 3.63 m – the record wingspan for living birds (a wandering albatross)
  • 5 m – length of an elephant
  • 5.2 m – height of a giraffe[100]
  • 5.5 m – height of a Baluchitherium, the largest land mammal ever lived
  • 6.5 m – wingspan of Argentavis, the largest flying bird known
  • 7.4 m – wingspan of Pelagornis, the bird with longest wingspan ever.[101]
  • 7.5 m – approximate length of the human gastrointestinal tract

Astronomical

  • 3–6 m – approximate diameter of 2003 SQ222, a meteoroid
  • 4.1 m – diameter of 2008 TC3, a small asteroid that flew into the Earth's atmosphere on 7 October 2008[102]

1 decametre

A blue whale has been measured as 33 m (108 ft) long; this drawing compares its length to that of a human diver and a dolphin.

The decametre (SI symbol: dam) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10 metres (101 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 metres.

Conversions

10 metres (very rarely termed a decametre which is abbreviated as dam) is equal to:

Human-defined scales and structures

Sports

  • 11 metres – approximate width of a doubles tennis court
  • 15 metres – width of a standard FIBA basketball court
  • 15.24 metres – width of an NBA]basketball court (50 feet)
  • 18.44 metres – distance between the front of the pitcher's rubber and the rear point of home plate on a baseball field (60 feet, 6 inches)[103]
  • 20 metres – length of cricket pitch (22 yards)[104]
  • 27.43 metres – distance between bases on a baseball field (90 feet)
  • 28 metres – length of a standard FIBA basketball court
  • 28.65 metres – length of an NBA basketball court (94 feet)
  • 49 metres – width of an American football field (5313 yards)
  • 59.436 metres – width of a Canadian football field (65 yards)
  • 70 metres – typical width of an association football field
  • 91 metres – length of an American football field (100 yards, measured between the goal lines)

Nature

  • 10 metres – average length of human digestive tract[citation needed]
  • 12 metres – length of a whale shark, largest living fish
  • 12 metres – wingspan of a Quetzalcoatlus, a pterosaur
  • 13 metres – length of a giant squid and colossal squid, the largest living invertebrates
  • 15 metres – approximate distance the tropical circles of latitude are moving towards the equator and the polar circles are moving towards the poles each year due to a natural, gradual decrease in the Earth's axial tilt
  • 18 metres – height of a Sauroposeidon, the tallest-known dinosaur
  • 20 metres – length of a Leedsichthys, the largest-known fish to have lived
  • 21 metres – height of High Force waterfall in England
  • 33 metres – length of a blue whale,[105] the largest animal on earth, living or extinct, in terms of mass
  • 39 metres – length of a Supersaurus, the longest-known dinosaur and longest vertebrate[106]
  • 52 metres – height of Niagara Falls[32]
  • 55 metres – length of a bootlace worm, the longest-known animal[107]
  • 66 metres - highest possible sea level rise due to a complete melting of all ice on Earth
  • 83 metres – height of a Western hemlock

Astronomical

  • 30 metres – diameter of 1998 KY26, a rapidly spinning meteoroid
  • 30.8568 metres – 1 femtoparsec
  • 32 metres – approximate diameter of 2008 HJ, a small meteoroid

1 hectometre

The Great Pyramid of Giza is 138.8 m (455 ft) high.
British driver location sign and location marker post on the M27 in Hampshire. The location marker posts are installed at 100-metre intervals.[108]

The hectometre (SI symbol: hm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 100 metres (102 m). To compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 100 metres and 1,000 metres (1 kilometre).

Conversions

100 metres (sometimes termed a hectometre) is equal to:

  • 328 feet
  • one side of a 1 hectare square
  • a fifth of a modern li, a Chinese unit of measurement
  • the approximate distance travelled by light in 300 nanoseconds

Human-defined scales and structures

  • 100 metres – wavelength of the highest medium wave radio frequency, 3 MHz
  • 100 metres – spacing of location marker posts on British motorways
  • 138.8 metres – height of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Cheops)
  • 139 metres – height of the world's tallest roller coaster, Kingda Ka[109]
  • 169 metres - height of the Washington Monument
  • 187 metres – shortest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band, 1600 kHz
  • 192 metres - height of the Gateway Arch
  • 202 metres – length of the Széchenyi Chain Bridge connecting Buda and Pest
  • 270 metres - length of the Titanic
  • 318 metres – height of The New York Times Building
  • 318.9 metres – height of the Chrysler Building
  • 328 metres – height of Auckland's Sky Tower, the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere[when?]
  • 330 metres – height of the Eiffel Tower (including antenna)[110]
  • 341 metres – height of the world's tallest bridge, the Millau Viaduct[when?]
  • 390 metres – height of the Empire State Building
  • 400–800 metres – heights of the world's tallest skyscrapers of the past 80 years[when?]
  • 458 metres – length of the Knock Nevis, the world's largest supertanker
  • 553.33 metres – height of the CN Tower[111]
  • 555 metres – longest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band, 540 kHz
  • 630 metres – height of the KVLY-TV mast, second-tallest structure in the world
  • 646 metres – height of the Warsaw radio mast, the world's tallest structure until its collapse in 1991
  • 828 metres – height of Burj Khalifa, world's tallest structure on 17 January 2009[112]
  • 1,000 metres – wavelength of the lowest mediumwave radio frequency, 300 kHz

Sports

  • 100 metres – the distance a very fast human can run in about 10 seconds
  • 100.584 metres – length of a Canadian football field between the goal lines (110 yards)
  • 91.5 metres – 137 metres – length of a soccer field[97]
  • 105 metres – length of football pitch (UEFA stadium categories 3 and 4)
  • 105 metres – length of a typical football field
  • 109.73 metres – total length of an American football field (120 yards, including the end zones)
  • 110–150 metres – the width of an Australian football field
  • 135–185 metres – the length of an Australian football field
  • 137.16 metres – total length of a Canadian football field, including the end zones (150 yards)

Nature

  • 115.5 metres – height of the world's tallest tree in 2007, the Hyperion sequoia[113]
  • 310 metres – maximum depth of Lake Geneva
  • 340 metres – distance sound travels in air at sea level in one second; see Speed of sound
  • 979 metres – height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)
  • 1500 metres – distance sound travels in water in one second

Astronomical

1 kilometre

Mount Fuji is 3.776 kilometres (2.346 mi) high.

The kilometre (SI symbol: km) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000 metres (103 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 1 kilometre and 10 kilometres (103 and 104 metres).

Conversions

1 kilometre (unit symbol km) is equal to:

Human-defined scales and structures

Geographical

Astronomical

10 kilometres

The Strait of Gibraltar is 13 km (8.1 mi) wide.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 kilometres (104 to 105 metres). The myriametre[125] (sometimes also spelled myriometre; 10,000 metres) is a deprecated unit name; the decimal metric prefix myria-[80] (sometimes also written as myrio-[126][127][128]) is obsolete[81][82][83] and was not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.

Conversions

10 kilometres is equal to:

Distance marker on the Rhine: 36 (XXXVI) myriametres from Basel. The stated distance is 360 km (220 mi); the comma is the decimal separator in Germany.

Sports

Human-defined scales and structures

Geographical

Astronomical

100 kilometres

The Suez Canal is 163 km (101 mi) long.

A length of 100 kilometres (about 62 miles), as a rough amount, is relatively common in measurements on Earth and for some astronomical objects. It is the altitude at which the FAI defines spaceflight to begin.

To help compare orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 100 and 1,000 kilometres (105 and 106 metres).

Conversions

A distance of 100 kilometres is equal to about 62 miles (or 62.13711922 miles).

Human-defined scales and structures

Geographical

Astronomical

1 megametre

Small planets, the Moon and dwarf planets in the Solar System have diameters from one to ten million metres. Top row: Mars (left), Mercury (right); bottom row: Moon (left), Pluto (center), and Haumea (right), to scale.

The megametre (SI symbol: Mm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000000 metres (106 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 106 m (1 Mm or 1,000 km).

Conversions

1 megametre is equal to:

  • 1 E+6 m (one million metres)
  • approximately 621.37 miles
  • 1 E+12 μm (one trillion micrometres
  • Side of square with area 1,000,000 km2

Human-defined scales and structures

Sports

Geographical

Astronomical

10 megametres

Planets from Venus up to Uranus have diameters from ten to one hundred million metres. Top row: Uranus (left), Neptune (right); middle row: Earth (left), Sirius B (center), and Venus (right), to scale

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 107 metres (10 megametres or 10,000 kilometres).

Conversions

10 megametres (10 Mm) is

Human-defined scales and structures

Geographical

Astronomical

  • 12.000 Mm – Diameter of Sirius B, a white dwarf[144]
  • 12.104 Mm – Diameter of Venus
  • 12.742 Mm – Diameter of Earth
  • 12.900 Mm – Minimum distance of the meteoroid 2004 FU162 from the centre of Earth on 31 March 2004, closest on record
  • 14.000 Mm – Smallest diameter of Jupiter's Great Red Spot
  • 19.000 Mm – Separation between Pluto and Charon
  • 30.8568 Mm – 1 nanoparsec
  • 34.770 Mm – Minimum distance of the asteroid 99942 Apophis on 13 April 2029 from the centre of Earth
  • 35.786 Mm – Altitude of geostationary orbit
  • 40.005 Mm – Polar circumference of the Earth
  • 40.077 Mm – Equatorial circumference of the Earth
  • 49.528 Mm – Diameter of Neptune
  • 51.118 Mm – Diameter of Uranus

100 megametres

The Earth-Moon orbit, Saturn, OGLE-TR-122b, Jupiter, and other objects, to scale. Click on image for detailed view and links to other length scales.
Scale model at megametres of the main Solar System bodies.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 108 metres (100 megametres or 100,000 kilometres or 62,150 miles).

1 gigametre

13 things in the gigametre group
Upper part: Gamma Orionis, Algol B, the Sun (centre), and other objects to scale

; lower part: their darker mirror images (artist's interpretation).

The gigametre (SI symbol: Gm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000000000 metres (109 m). To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 109 metres (1 gigametre (Gm) or 1 billion metres).

10 gigametres

Rigel and Aldebaran (top left and right) compared to smaller stars, the Sun (very small dot in lower middle, with orbit of Mercury as yellow ellipse) and transparent sphere with radius of one light-minute.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1010 metres (10 gigametres (Gm) or 10 million kilometres, or 0.07 astronomical units).

100 gigametres

From largest to smallest: Jupiter's orbit, red supergiant star Betelgeuse, Mars' orbit, Earth's orbit, star R Doradus, and orbits of Venus, Mercury. Inside R Doradus's depiction are the blue supergiant star Rigel and red giant star Aldebaran. The faint yellow glow around the Sun represents one light-minute. Click image to see more details and links to their scales.

To help compare distances at different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 1011 metres (100 gigametre or 100 million kilometres or 0.7 astronomical units).

1 terametre

8 things in the terametre group
Comparison of size of the Kuiper belt (large faint torus) with the star VY Canis Majoris (within Saturn's orbit), Betelgeuse (inside Jupiter's orbit) and R Doradus (small central red sphere) together with the orbits of Neptune and Uranus, to scale. The yellow ellipses represent the orbits of each planet and the dwarf planet Pluto.

The terametre (SI symbol: Tm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000000000000 metres (1012 m). To help compare different distances, this section lists lengths starting at 1012 m (1 Tm or 1 billion km or 6.7 astronomical units).

10 terametres

Sedna's orbit (left) is longer than 100 Tm, but other lengths are between 10 and 100 Tm: Comet Hale-Bopp's orbit (lower, faint orange); one light-day (yellow spherical shell with yellow Vernal point arrow as radius); the heliosphere's termination shock (blue shell); and other arrows show positions of Voyager 1 (red) and Pioneer 10 (green). Click on image for larger view and links to other scales.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1013 m (10 Tm or 10 billion km or 67 astronomical units).

  • 10 Tm – 67 AU – Diameter of a hypothetical quasi-star
  • 11.1 Tm – 74.2 AU – Distance that Voyager 1 began detecting returning particles from termination shock
  • 11.4 Tm – 76.2 AU – Perihelion distance of 90377 Sedna
  • 12.1 Tm – 70 to 90 AU – Distance to termination shock (Voyager 1 crossed at 94 AU)
  • 12.9 Tm – 86.3 AU – Distance to 90377 Sedna in March 2014
  • 13.2 Tm – 88.6 AU – Distance to Pioneer 11 in March 2014
  • 14.1 Tm – 94.3 AU – Estimated radius of the Solar System
  • 14.4 Tm – 96.4 AU – Distance to Eris in March 2014 (now near its aphelion)
  • 15.1 Tm – 101 AU – Distance to heliosheath
  • 16.5 Tm – 111 AU – Distance to Pioneer 10 as of March 2014
  • 16.6 Tm – 111.2 AU – Distance to Voyager 2 as of May 2016
  • 18 Tm – 123.5 AU – Distance between sun to the farthest dwarf planet in the solar system the Farout 2018 VG18
  • 20.0 Tm – 135 AU – Distance to Voyager 1 as of May 2016
  • 20.6 Tm – 138 AU – Distance to Voyager 1 as of late February 2017
  • 21.1 Tm – 141 AU – Distance to Voyager 1 as of November 2017
  • 25.9 Tm – 173 AU – One light-day
  • 30.8568 Tm – 206.3 AU – 1 milliparsec
  • 55.7 Tm – 371 AU – Aphelion distance of the comet Hale-Bopp

100 terametres

The largest yellow sphere indicates one light month distance from the Sun. Click the image for larger view, more details and links to other scales.

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1014 m (100 Tm or 100 billion km or 670 astronomical units).

1 petametre

Largest circle with yellow arrow indicates one light-year from Sun; Cat's Eye Nebula on left and Barnard 68 in middle are depicted in front of Comet 1910 A1's orbit. Click image for larger view, details and links to other scales.

The petametre (SI symbol: Pm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1015 metres. To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1015 m (1 Pm or 1 trillion km or 6685 astronomical units (AU) or 0.11 light-years).

  • 1.0 Pm = 0.105702341 light-years
  • 1.9 Pm ± 0.5 Pm = 12,000 AU = 0.2 light-year radius of Cat's Eye Nebula's inner core[168][169]
  • 3.08568 Pm = 20,626 AU = 1 deciparsec
  • 4.7 Pm = 30,000 AU = half-light-year diameter of Bok globule Barnard 68[170]
  • 7.5 Pm – 50,000 AU – Possible outer boundary of Oort cloud (other estimates are 75,000 to 125,000 or even 189,000 AU (1.18, 2, and 3 light-years, respectively))
  • 9.5 Pm – 63,241.1 AU – One light-year, the distance traveled by light in one year
  • 9.9 Pm – 66,000 AU – Aphelion distance of the C/1999 F1 (Catalina)

10 petametres

Objects with size order of magnitude 1e16m: Ten light-years (94.6 Pm) radius circle with yellow Vernal Point arrow; Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635), left; Dumbbell Nebula (NGC 6853), right; one light-year shell lower right with the smaller Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC_6543) and Barnard 68 adjacent.
1e16m lengths: Ten light-years (94.6 Pm) yellow shell; Sirius below right; BL Ceti below left; Proxima and Alpha Centauri upper right; light-year shell with Comet 1910 A1's orbit inside top right

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1016 m (10 Pm or 66,800 AU, 1.06 light-years).

  • 15 Pm – 1.59 light-years – Possible outer radius of Oort cloud
  • 20 Pm – 2.11 light-years – maximum extent of influence of the Sun's gravitational field[citation needed]
  • 30.9 Pm – 3.26 light-years – 1 parsec
  • 39.9 Pm – 4.22 light-years – Distance to Proxima Centauri (nearest star to Sun)
  • 81.3 Pm – 8.59 light-years – Distance to Sirius
  • 94.6 Pm – 1 light-decade

100 petametres

Lengths with order of magnitude 1e17m: yellow Vernal Point arrow traces hundred light-year radius circle with smaller ten light-year circle at right; globular cluster Messier 5 in background; 12 light-year radius Orion Nebula middle right; 50-light-year-wide view of the Carina Nebula bottom left; Pleiades cluster and Bubble nebula with similar diameters each around 10 light-years bottom right; grey arrows show distances from Sun to stars Aldebaran (65 light-years) and Vega (25 light-years).

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1017 m (100 Pm or 11 light-years) and 1018 m (106 light-years).

  • 110 Pm – 12 light-years – Distance to Tau Ceti
  • 230 Pm – 24 light-years – Diameter of the Orion Nebula[171][172]
  • 240 Pm – 25 light-years – Distance to Vega
  • 260 Pm – 27 light-years – Distance to Chara, a star approximately as bright as the Sun. Its faintness gives an idea how the Sun would appear when viewed from this distance.
  • 308.568 Tm – 32.6 light-years – 1 dekaparsec
  • 350 Pm – 37 light-years – Distance to Arcturus
  • 373.1 Pm – 39.44 light-years – Distance to TRAPPIST-1, a star recently discovered to have 7 planets around it
  • 400 Pm – 42 light-years – Distance to Capella
  • 620 Pm – 65 light-years – Distance to Aldebaran
  • 750 Pm – 79.36 light-years – Distance to Regulus
  • 900 Pm – 92.73 light-years – Distance to Algol
  • 946 Pm – 1 light-century

1 exametre

Lengths with order of magnitude 1e18m: thousand light-year radius circle with yellow arrow and 100 light-year circle at right with globular cluster Messier 5 within and Carina Nebula in front; globular cluster Omega Centauri to left of both; part of the 1,400-light-year-wide Tarantula Nebula fills the background.

The exametre (SI symbol: Em) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1018 metres. To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1018 m (1 Em or 105.7 light-years) and 1019 m (10 Em or 1,057 light-years).

10 exametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Em (1019 m or 1,100 light-years).

100 exametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Em (1020 m or 11,000 light-years).

1 zettametre

The zettametre (SI symbol: Zm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1021 metres.[54] To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Zm (1021 m or 110,000 light-years).

10 zettametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Zm (1022 m or 1.1 million light-years).

100 zettametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Zm (1023 m or 11 million light-years).

1 yottametre

The yottametre (SI symbol: Ym) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1024 metres.[54]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Ym (1024 m or 105.702 million light-years).

10 yottametres

The universe within one billion light-years of Earth

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.

100 yottametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Ym (1026 m or 11 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.

1 ronnametre

The ronnametre (SI symbol: Rm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1027 metres.[54]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Rm (1027 m or 110 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.

See also

Notes

  1. The diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm Ley, Brian (1999). Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Diameter of a human hair". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  2. The exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet) to which particular Solar System objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects
  3. 10115 is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a googol multiplied by a quadrillion. 1010115 is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 101010122is 1 followed by 1010122 (a googolplex10 sextillion) zeroes.
  4. But not cloud or high-level fog droplets; droplet size increases with altitude. For a contradictory study indicating larger drop sizes even in ground fog, see Eldridge, Ralph G. (October 1961). "A Few Fog Drop-Size Distributions". Journal of Meteorology. 18 (5): 671–6. Bibcode:1961JAtS...18..671E. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1961)018<0671:AFFDSD>2.0.CO;2.

References

  1. Burgess, Cliff; Quevedo, Fernando (November 2007). "The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride". Scientific American. 297 (5): 55. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297e..52B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1107-52 (inactive 13 March 2024). PMID 17990824. Retrieved 1 May 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link)
  2. Nave, Carl R. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 4 December 2008. (6.3 × 10−44 cm2, which gives an effective radius of about 1.42 × 10−22 m)
  3. Nave, Carl R. "Neutron Absorption Cross-sections". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 4 December 2008. (area for 20 GeV about 10 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 2 × 10−21 m; for 250 GeV about 150 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 7 × 10−21 m)
  4. Abbott, B. P.; et al. (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Physical Review Letters. 116 (6): 061102. arXiv:1602.03837. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116f1102A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. PMID 26918975. S2CID 124959784. On 14 September 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10−21.
  5. Pohl, R.; et al. (July 2010). "The size of the proton". Nature. 466 (7303): 213–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..213P. doi:10.1038/nature09250. PMID 20613837. S2CID 4424731.
  6. Strassler, Matt (30 May 2013). "The strength of the known forces". profmattstrassler.com.
  7. Kolena. "The four forces: The strong interaction". Astrophysics Dept website. Duke University.
  8. Nave, Carl R. "Scattering cross section". Retrieved 10 February 2009. (diameter of the scattering cross section of an 11 MeV proton with a target proton)
  9. "CODATA Value: classical electron radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST.
  10. H. E. Smith. "The Scale of the Universe". UCSD. Retrieved 10 February 2009. ~10−13cm
  11. Winter, Mark (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii". Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  12. Flahaut E, Bacsa R, Peigney A, Laurent C (June 2003). "Gram-scale CCVD synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes" (PDF). Chemical Communications. 12 (12): 1442–3. doi:10.1039/b301514a. PMID 12841282. S2CID 30627446.
  13. Stewart, Robert. "Dr". Radiobiology Software. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  14. Langevin, Dominique (2008). "Chapter 10: DNA-Surfactant/Lipid Complexes at Liquid Interfaces". In Dias, Rita S; Lindman, Bjorn (eds.). DNA Interactions with Polymers and Surfactants. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 265. doi:10.1002/9780470286364.ch10. ISBN 978-0-470-25818-7. DNA has 20 elementary charges per helical turn over the corresponding length of 3.4nm
  15. Seth, S.D.; Seth, Vimlesh (2009). Textbook of Pharmacology (3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. X111. ISBN 978-81-312-1158-8.
  16. Nave, Carl R (2016). "Color". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.
  17. "Size of bacteria". What are bacteria?. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  18. Ko, Frank K.; Kawabata, Sueo; Inoue, Mari; Niwa, Masako; Fossey, Stephen; Song, John W. "Engineering properties of spider silk" (PDF). web.mit.edu.
  19. Doohan, Jim. "Blood cells". biosbcc.net. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  20. According to The Physics Factbook, the diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μmLey, Brian (1999). "Width of a Human Hair". The Physics Factbook.
  21. Liu Z, Huang AJ, Pflugfelder SC (July 1999). "Evaluation of corneal thickness and topography in normal eyes using the Orbscan corneal topography system". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 83 (7): 774–8. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.7.774. PMC 1723104. PMID 10381661.
  22. "Official Rules". MLB. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  23. Bohun B. Kinloch Jr; William H. Scheuner. "Pinus lambertiana". Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  24. "Animal Records". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004.
  25. "Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures". Niagara Parks Commission. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  26. "Three Gorges Dam". encyclopedia.com. Cengage Learning.
  27. Thomas PC, Parker JW, McFadden LA, Russell CT, Stern SA, Sykes MV, Young EF (September 2005). "Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". Nature. 437 (7056): 224–6. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..224T. doi:10.1038/nature03938. PMID 16148926. S2CID 17758979.
  28. Weintrit, Adam (2013). "So, What is Actually the Distance from the Equator to the Pole? – Overview of the Meridian Distance Approximations". TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 7 (2): 259–272. doi:10.12716/1001.07.02.14. ISSN 2083-6473.
  29. "Volvo owner Irv Gordon, who drove 3.2M miles in his P1800, has died". autoblog.com. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  30. "Spacecraft escaping the Solar System". Heavens Above. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  31. "Twin Keck telescopes probe dual dust disks". (e) Science News. 24 September 2009.
  32. Shiga, David. "Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  33. Christian, Eric; Samar, Safi-Harb. "How large is the Milky Way?". Archived from the original on 2 February 1999. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
  34. Duncan, Martin (2008). "16" (PDF). Physics 216 – Introduction to Astrophysics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
  35. "Milky Way fatter than first thought". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
  36. M. López-Corredoira, C. Allende Prieto, F. Garzón, H. Wang, C. Liu and L. Deng (2018). "Disk stars in the Milky Way detected beyond 25 kpc from its center". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 612: L8. arXiv:1804.03064. Bibcode:2018A&A...612L...8L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832880. S2CID 59933365.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. Freeman, David (25 May 2018). "The Milky Way galaxy may be much bigger than we thought" (Press release). CNBC.
  38. Martialay, Mary L. (11 March 2015). "The Corrugated Galaxy—Milky Way May Be Much Larger Than Previously Estimated" (Press release). Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015.
  39. Hall, Shannon (4 May 2015). "Size of the Milky Way Upgraded, Solving Galaxy Puzzle". Space.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  40. "The Horologium Supercluster". Atlas of the Universe.
  41. Gott, J. Richard; Jurić, Mario; Schlegel, David; Hoyle, Fiona; Vogeley, Michael; Tegmark, Max; Bahcall, Neta; Brinkmann, Jon (2005). "A Map of the Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 624 (2): 463. arXiv:astro-ph/0310571. Bibcode:2005ApJ...624..463G. doi:10.1086/428890. S2CID 9654355.
  42. Scott, Douglas; Zibin, J.P. (2006). "How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 15 (12): 2229–2233. arXiv:astro-ph/0605709. Bibcode:2006IJMPD..15.2229S. doi:10.1142/S0218271806009662. S2CID 119437678.
  43. Tegmark, M. (2003). "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations". Scientific American. 288 (5): 40–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131. Bibcode:2003SciAm.288e..40T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329.
  44. Tegmark M (May 2003). "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations". Scientific American. 288 (5): 40–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131. Bibcode:2003SciAm.288e..40T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329.
  45. Page, Don N.; Allende Prieto, C.; Garzon, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Deng, L. (18 October 2006). "Susskind's challenge to the Hartle Hawking no-boundary proposal and possible resolutions". Journal of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics. 2007 (1): 004. arXiv:hep-th/0610199. Bibcode:2007JCAP...01..004P. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/004. S2CID 17403084.
  46. "SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI)". International Committee for Weights and Measures. Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  47. "proton rms charge radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty.
  48. ISO 1683:2015
  49. "Buckminsterfullerene: Molecule of the Month". www.chm.bris.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  50. Annis, Patty J. October 1991. Kansas State University. Fine Particle POLLUTION. Figure 1. (tobacco smoke: 10 to 1000 nm; virus particles: 3 to 50 nm; bacteria: 30 to 30000 nm; cooking oil smoke: 30 to 30000 nm; wood smoke: 7 to 3000 nm)
  51. Stryer, Lubert (1988). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1843-7.
  52. "Through the Microscope". www.microbiologytext.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  53. "Moore's Law Marches on at Intel". Physorg.com. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  54. Smith, Graham T. (2002). Industrial metrology. Springer. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-85233-507-6.
  55. Eninger, Robert M.; Hogan, Christopher J.; Biswas, Pratim; Adhikari, Atin; Reponen, Tiina; Grinshpun, Sergey A. (2009). "Electrospray versus Nebulization for Aerosolization and Filter Testing with Bacteriophage Particles". Aerosol Science and Technology. 43 (4): 298–304. Bibcode:2009AerST..43..298E. doi:10.1080/02786820802626355. S2CID 93465533.
  56. Seth (18 November 2009). Textbook Of Pharmacology. Elsevier India. ISBN 9788131211588 via Google Books.
  57. Spencer RC (March 2003). "Bacillus anthracis". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 56 (3): 182–7. doi:10.1136/jcp.56.3.182. PMC 1769905. PMID 12610093.
  58. Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K (November 2002). "Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 29 (10): 616–8. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x. PMID 12453301. S2CID 39904013.
  59. Smith, D.J. (2009). "Human sperm accumulation near surfaces: a simulation study" (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 621: 295. Bibcode:2009JFM...621..289S. doi:10.1017/S0022112008004953. S2CID 3942426. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  60. "NAC Audio Cassette Glossary – Cassetro". nactape.com. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  61. Ramel, Gordon. "Spider Silk". Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. garden spider silk has a diameter of about 0.003 mm ... Dragline silk (about 0.00032 inch (0.008 mm) in Nephila)
  62. Wise, R.R.; Hoober, J.K. (2007). The Structure and Function of Plastids. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-6570-5.
  63. IST – Innovative Sintering Technologies Ltd. "Fibreshape applications". Retrieved 4 December 2008. Histogram of cotton thickness
  64. "Company Profile, page 20" (PDF). The Lego Group. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2012.
  65. Lippmann, Morton (2000). Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects. John Wiley and Sons. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-471-29298-2. Retrieved 4 December 2008. 20 μm .. 5 μm
  66. Comité International des Poids et Mesures (1935), Procès-Verbaux des Séances (in French), vol. 17 (2 ed.), Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars, imprimeur-libraire du Bureau des Longitudes, de l'École Polytechnique, p. 76
  67. Roberts, Richard W. (1 June 1975). Metric System of Weights and Measures – Guidelines for Use. US: Director of the National Bureau of Standards. Federal Register FR Doc.75-15798 (18 June 1975). Accordingly, the following units and terms listed in the table of metric units in section 2 of the act of 28 July 1866, that legalized the metric system of weights and measures in the United States, are no longer accepted for use in the United States: myriameter, stere, millier or tonneau, quintal, myriagram, kilo (for kilogram).
  68. Judson, Lewis V. (1 October 1976) [1963]. "Appendix 7" (PDF). In Barbrow, Louis E. (ed.). Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history. Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905). US: US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 33. LCCN 76-600055. NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  69. Popiolek, Kim. "Dr. Charles Lindemann's Lab: Sperm Facts". Oakland University.
  70. Santoso, Alex (17 June 2006). "World's Biggest Sperm Belongs to a Tiny Fly". Neatorama.
  71. House Dust Mites HYG-2157-97. Retrieved 4 December 2008
  72. "World's Smallest Frog Found—Fly-Size Beast Is Tiniest Vertebrate". 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  73. "World's smallest vertebrate has a big secret". New Scientist. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  74. Lindstrom, Hannah. "The Smallest Salamander". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  75. "Comparing quail eggs". BackYard Chickens. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  76. "Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth". BBC News. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  77. "USGA: Guide to the Rules on Clubs and Balls". USGA. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  78. Kinloch, Bohun B. Jr. & Scheuner, William H. "Pinus lambertiana". Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  79. "HTwins.net – The Scale of the Universe". htwins.net. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  80. Laws of the Game (PDF), FIFA, 1 June 2017, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017, retrieved 21 March 2018
  81. Dagg, A. I. (1971), Mammalian Species 5 (Giraffa camelopardalis ed.), pp. 1–8
  82. "Fossil of 'largest flying bird' identified". BBC News. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  83. Plait, P. (6 October 2008). "Incoming!!!". Bad Astronomy. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  84. "Rule 1.04 The Playing Field" (PDF). Official Baseball Rules. Major League Baseball. 25 January 2010. pp. 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011. See especially Diagram No. 1, page 3.
  85. "Law 7 (The pitch)". Laws of Cricket. Marylebone Cricket Club. October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  86. "Animal Records". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
  87. "Longest Animal". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  88. "Driver Location Signs – Frequently Asked Questions". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  89. "Kingda Ka (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  90. Campbell, Marilyn (17 February 2018). "How Tall is the CN Tower?". TripSavvy. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  91. "Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening". Emirates Business 24-7. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  92. "Tallest tree in the world: coast redwood". Monumental Trees, an inventory of big and old trees worldwide.
  93. Fujiwara A, Kawaguchi J, Yeomans DK, Abe M, Mukai T, Okada T, Saito J, Yano H, Yoshikawa M, Scheeres DJ, Barnougin-Jha O, Cheng AF, Demura H, Gaskell RW, Hirata N, Ikeda H, Kominato T, Miyamoto H, Nakamura AM, Nakamura R, Sasaki S, Uesugi K (June 2006). "The rubble-pile asteroid Itokawa as observed by Hayabusa". Science. 312 (5778): 1330–4. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1330F. doi:10.1126/science.1125841. PMID 16741107. S2CID 206508294.
  94. "long wave". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2011. wavelength above one kilometre (and a frequency below 300 kHz)
  95. "Bridge Design and Construction Statistics". Golden Gate Bridge. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  96. Akashi Kaikyo Bridge @ Everything2.com, Everything2, 9 September 2002, retrieved 19 April 2009
  97. Friedl, Jeffrey (9 December 2008), Supporting the Longest Suspension Bridge in the World, archived from the original on 3 March 2009, retrieved 19 April 2009
  98. New height of world's railway born in Tibet, Xinhua News Agency, 24 August 2005, archived from the original on 3 June 2009, retrieved 19 April 2009
  99. "GeoNames.org". www.geonames.org.
  100. "Russians in landmark Baikal dive". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2011. current record of 1,637m was set in Lake Baikal in the 1990s
  101. "Kosciuszko National Park lookouts and scenery". Office of Environment & Heritage: NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.
  102. "Carstensz Pyramid details". Carstensz Pyramid Site. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014.
  103. Appell, Wolfgang (16 September 2009) [2002]. "Königreich Frankreich" [Kingdom of France]. Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 [Official units of measure in Europe 1842] (in German). Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. (Website based on Alte Meß- und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet, ISBN 3-7686-1036-5)
  104. Brewster, David (1830). The Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Vol. 12. Edinburgh, UK: William Blackwood, John Waugh, John Murray, Baldwin & Cradock, J. M. Richardson. p. 494. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  105. Brewster, David (1832). The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Vol. 12 (1st American ed.). Joseph and Edward Parker. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  106. Dingler, Johann Gottfried (1823). Polytechnisches Journal (in German). Vol. 11. Stuttgart, Germany: J.W. Gotta'schen Buchhandlung. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  107. Haugen, Einar, Norwegian English Dictionary, 1965, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget and Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, s.v. mil
  108. "IAAF Competition Rules 2008" (PDF). IAAF. p. 195. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  109. Wise, Jeff (1 October 2009). "Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  110. Plescia, Jeff (1 October 1997). "Height of Martian vs. Earth mountains". Questions and Answers about Mars terrain and geology. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  111. "High Speed 1 Project Hoem". www.betchel.com. Betchel Corporation. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  112. "Bordeaux-Paris | the event". www.bordeauxparis.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  113. "FAQ-Alaska Highway Facts". The MILEPOST. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007. 1,390 miles ... Alaska Route 2 and often treated as a natural extension of the Alaska Highway
  114. Downward, R.J.; Bromell, J.E. (March 1990). "The development of a policy for the management of dingo populations in South Australia". Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  115. "China's Great Wall far longer than thought: survey". AFP. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  116. CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Vladivostok. Archived 3 December 2009.
  117. CIS railway timetable, route No. 350, Kyiv-Vladivostok. Archived 3 December 2009.
  118. McGourty, Christine (14 December 2005). "Hubble finds mass of white dwarf". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
  119. NASA Staff (10 May 2011). "Solar System Exploration – Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  120. "Sun Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov.
  121. Akeson, Rachel; Beichman, Charles; Kervella, Pierre; Fomalont, Edward; Benedict, G. Fritz (2021). "Precision Millimeter Astrometry of the α Centauri AB System". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (1): 14. arXiv:2104.10086. Bibcode:2021AJ....162...14A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abfaff.
  122. Liebert, James; Young, Patrick A.; Arnett, David; Holberg, J. B.; Williams, Kurtis A. (2005). "The Age and Progenitor Mass of Sirius B". The Astrophysical Journal. 630 (1): L69–L72. arXiv:astro-ph/0507523. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630L..69L. doi:10.1086/462419. S2CID 8792889.
  123. Neuroscience: The Science of the Brain"IBRO Brain Campaign". Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. p.44
  124. Yoon, Jinmi; Peterson, Deane M.; Kurucz, Robert L.; Zagarello, Robert J. (2010). "A New View of Vega's Composition, Mass, and Age". The Astrophysical Journal. 708 (1): 71–79. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708...71Y. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/71. S2CID 120986935.
  125. Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; Belle, Gerard T. van (2017). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 155: 30. arXiv:1712.08109. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b.
  126. Ramírez, I.; Allende Prieto, C. (2011). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (2): 135. arXiv:1109.4425. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..135R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. S2CID 119186472.
  127. Plaskett, J. S. (1922). "The Dimensions of the Stars". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 34 (198): 79–93. Bibcode:1922PASP...34...79P. doi:10.1086/123157. ISSN 0004-6280. JSTOR 40668597.
  128. Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (2005). "Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know it?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (1): 305–312. arXiv:astro-ph/0502181. Bibcode:2005A&A...433..305R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041765. S2CID 119414301. They derived an angular diameter of 20.58±0.03 milliarcsec, which given a distance of 65 light-years yields a diameter of 61 million km.
  129. Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H; Moya, Andres (4 January 2012). "Asteroseismology of the Nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel Part I. The MOST High Precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring". Astrophysical Journal. 747 (2): 2. arXiv:1201.0843. Bibcode:2012ApJ...747..108M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108. S2CID 425831.
  130. Kallinger, T.; Beck, P. G.; Hekker, S.; Huber, D.; Kuschnig, R.; Rockenbauer, M.; Winter, P. M.; Weiss, W. W.; Handler, G.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pigulski, A.; Popowicz, A.; Wade, G. A.; Zwintz, K. (April 2019). "Stellar masses from granulation and oscillations of 23 bright red giants observed by BRITE - Constellation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A35. arXiv:1902.07531. Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..35K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834514. ISSN 0004-6361.
  131. Chesneau, O.; Dessart, L.; Mourard, D.; Bério, Ph.; Buil, Ch.; Bonneau, D.; Borges Fernandes, M.; Clausse, J. M.; Delaa, O.; Marcotto, A.; Meilland, A.; Millour, F.; Nardetto, N.; Perraut, K.; Roussel, A.; Spang, A.; Stee, P.; Tallon-Bosc, I.; McAlister, H.; Ten Brummelaar, T.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N.; Farrington, C.; Goldfinger, P. J. (2010). "Time, spatial, and spectral resolution of the H α line-formation region of Deneb and Rigel with the VEGA/CHARA interferometer". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 521: A5. arXiv:1007.2095. Bibcode:2010A&A...521A...5C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014509. S2CID 10340205.
  132. Lau, R. M.; Herter, T. L.; Morris, M. R.; Adams, J. D. (2014). "Nature Versus Nurture: Luminous Blue Variable Nebulae in and Near Massive Stellar Clusters at the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (2): 120. arXiv:1403.5298. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785..120L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/120. S2CID 118447462.
  133. Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'Ichi (2020). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (1): 63. arXiv:2006.09837. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db.
  134. Van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; De Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; Van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. S2CID 203836020.
  135. Bauer, W. H.; Gull, T. R.; Bennett, P. D. (2008). "Spatial Extension in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of Vv Cephei". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1312. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1312H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312. S2CID 119404901.
  136. Shenoy, Dinesh; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Jones, Terry J.; Marengo, Massimo; Gehrz, Robert D.; Helton, L. Andrew; Hoffmann, William F.; Skemer, Andrew J.; Hinz, Philip M. (2016). "SEARCHING FOR COOL DUST IN THE MID-TO-FAR INFRARED: THE MASS-LOSS HISTORIES OF THE HYPERGIANTS μ Cep, VY CMa, IRC+10420, AND ρ Cas". The Astronomical Journal. 151 (3): 51. arXiv:1512.01529. Bibcode:2016AJ....151...51S. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/51.
  137. Kravchenko, K.; Chiavassa, A.; Van Eck, S.; Jorissen, A.; Merle, T.; Freytag, B.; Plez, B. (2019). "Tomography of cool giant and supergiant star atmospheres". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 632: A28. arXiv:1910.04657. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935809.
  138. Chesneau, O.; Meilland, A.; Chapellier, E.; Millour, F.; Van Genderen, A. M.; Nazé, Y.; Smith, N.; Spang, A.; Smoker, J. V.; Dessart, L.; Kanaan, S.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Feast, M. W.; Groh, J. H.; Lobel, A.; Nardetto, N.; Otero, S.; Oudmaijer, R. D.; Tekola, A. G.; Whitelock, P. A.; Arcos, C.; Curé, M.; Vanzi, L. (2014). "The yellow hypergiant HR 5171 A: Resolving a massive interacting binary in the common envelope phase". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 563: A71. arXiv:1401.2628. Bibcode:2014A&A...563A..71C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322421. S2CID 52108686.
  139. Wittkowski, M; Abellan, F. J; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K.-H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (28 September 2017). "Multi-epoch VLTI-PIONIER imaging of the supergiant V766 Cen: Image of the close companion in front of the primary". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1709: L1. arXiv:1709.09430. Bibcode:2017A&A...606L...1W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731569. S2CID 54740936.
  140. Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (5 April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. S2CID 54044968.
  141. Parthasarathy, M. (2000). "Birth and early evolution of planetary nebulae". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 28: 217–224. Bibcode:2000BASI...28..217P.
  142. radius = distance times sin(angular diameter/2) = 0.2 light-year. Distance = 3.3 ± 0.9 kly; angular diameter = 20 arcseconds (Reed et al. 1999)
  143. Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant (1999). "Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution". Astronomical Journal. 118 (5): 2430–2441. arXiv:astro-ph/9907313. Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R. doi:10.1086/301091. S2CID 14746840.
  144. Szpir, Michael (May–June 2001). "Bart Bok's Black Blobs". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 June 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2008. Bok globules such as Barnard 68 are only about half a light-year across and weigh in at about two solar masses
  145. Sandstrom, Karin M; Peek, J. E. G.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bolatto, Alberto D.; Plambeck, Richard L. (1999). "A Parallactic Distance of 389+24
    −21
    parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): 1161–1169. arXiv:0706.2361. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667.1161S. doi:10.1086/520922. S2CID 18192326.
  146. diameter=sin(65 arcminutes)*1270 light-years=24; where "65.00 × 60.0 (arcmin)" sourced from Revised NGC Data for NGC 1976
  147. distance × sin( diameter_angle ), using distance of 5kpc (15.8 ± 1.1 kly) and angle 36.3', = 172 ± 12.5 ly.
  148. van de Ven, G.; van den Bosch, R. C. E.; Verolme, E. K.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (2006). "The dynamical distance and intrinsic structure of the globular cluster ω Centauri". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 445 (2): 513–543. arXiv:astro-ph/0509228. Bibcode:2006A&A...445..513V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053061. S2CID 15538249. best-fit dynamical distance D=4.8±0.3 kpc ... consistent with the canonical value 5.0±0.2 kpc obtained by photometric methods
  149. van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. Vizier catalog entry
  150. Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (29 July 2022). "Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 693–719. arXiv:2207.04702. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1969. ISSN 0035-8711.
  151. Harris, Hugh C.; Dahn, Conard C.; Canzian, Blaise; Guetter, Harry H.; et al. (2007). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (2): 631–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0611543. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..631H. doi:10.1086/510348. S2CID 18261027.
  152. Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal. 700 (1): 137–148. arXiv:0902.3913. Bibcode:2009ApJ...700..137R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137. S2CID 11347166.

Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article 1_picometre, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.