2015_Texas–Oklahoma_floods
2015 Texas–Oklahoma flood and tornado outbreak
Wind and rainstorm in the south-central United States and Mexico
Preceded by more than a week of heavy rain, a slow-moving storm system dropped tremendous precipitation across much of Texas and Oklahoma during the nights of May 24–26, 2015, triggering record-breaking floods. Additionally, many areas reported tornado activity and lightning.[5] Particularly hard hit were areas along the Blanco River in Hays County, Texas, where entire blocks of homes were leveled. On the morning of May 26, the National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency for southwest Harris County (which includes the city of Houston) and northeast Fort Bend County. The system also produced deadly tornadoes in parts of Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma.[6] This flood significantly contributed to the wettest month ever for Texas and Oklahoma.[7]
Quick Facts Type, Formed ...
Hydrograph of the Blanco River at Wimberley, Texas depicting the record flood event during the overnight of May 24–25 | |
| Type | Extratropical cyclone Tornado outbreak Flood |
|---|---|
| Formed | May 22, 2015 |
| Dissipated | May 25, 2015 |
| Tornadoes confirmed | 75 |
| Max. rating1 | EF3 tornado |
| Fatalities | 30 total fatalities: |
| Damage | $3 billion (2015 USD) [4] |
| Areas affected | Mexico, Great Plains, Southern United States |
Part of the Tornadoes of 2015 and Floods in the United States during 2015 1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale | |
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According to Bob Henson from Wunderground, inflow of low-level moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the combination of very slow moving large-scale storm systems set the stage for the floods. He added,"Upper-level winds were largely aligned with the low-level frontal zone, an ideal setup for “thunderstorm training” (successive downpours over the same area). In addition, rains were concentrated by several mesoscale convective vortices, small-scale centers of low-pressure that developed along the frontal bands, in some cases resembling mini-tropical cyclones."[8] The stationary trough during May is linked to both the El Niño and amplified midlatitude short-wave train.[9]
On May 14, 2015, prior to extensive flooding beginning around May 24, flash flood warnings were issued for counties in South East Texas.[10] At least 14 people were killed, including 10 in Texas and 4 in Oklahoma, and another 11 remain missing.[1]
Texas
Flooding along the Wichita River prompted evacuations of 390 homes in Wichita Falls. Projections from the National Weather Service indicated that the river would reach a record crest of 25.5 ft (7.8 m) on May 26.[11] Up to 100,000 customers were without power.[12]
Wichita Falls and Corpus Christi broke their previous records for all-time wettest month. Many parts in northern Texas recorded over 20 in (510 mm) of rain.[13]
A 25-foot-by-25-foot sinkhole near a runway at the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport caused the closure of the runway for a few hours.[14]
Also on May 25, historic flooding along Shoal Creek inundated House Park in Austin, Texas damaging the turf among other things and forcing the Austin Aztex to search for a temporary home.[15]
Houston
More than 500 water rescues were carried out by firefighters, which involved for the most part stranded motorists. At least 2,500 vehicles were abandoned, when drivers had to seek higher grounds.[16]
During the overnight of May 25–26, nearly 11 in (280 mm) of rain fell near Houston, setting off further flash floods. Two people drowned after being trapped in their cars while a third was later found in bayou.[1] A fourth person lost their life when an evacuation boat capsized during the morning of May 26.[17] On May 26, Houston Mayor Annise Parker, estimated up to 4,000 properties with significant damage.[18]
Blanco River
During the overnight of May 24–25, more than 12 in (300 mm) fell along the watershed of the Blanco River. In just a few short hours, the river rose from roughly 5 ft (1.5 m) to a crest just over 41 ft (12 m), well over the 13 ft (4.0 m) flood-stage, near Wimberley.[19][20] This broke the river's all-time peak of 32 ft (9.8 m) set in 1929. Tremendous flash flooding ensued as a result, with areas of Hays County being particularly hard hit.[20]
Entire blocks of homes in Wimberley were swept away by a "tidal wave of water"[1] with officials reporting 350–400 residences destroyed in the town alone. For the first time, the river covered portions of Interstate 35, shutting down traffic for hours. Large trees and debris were deposited across the roadway.
One person in San Marcos, Texas was confirmed dead.[20] Thirteen people were carried away when the home they were in was swept downstream. Residents reported seeing it being destroyed after striking a bridge. One occupant was recovered with significant injuries while the other twelve remain missing.[21] At least 1,200 people have been left homeless along the river.[20]
Oklahoma
On May 23, flash flooding along Highway 20 near Claremore claimed the life of a firefighter attempting to rescue people in an apartment complex. He was pulled into a storm drain obscured by the rising waters and carried hundreds of yards away. A fellow firefighter attempting to save him was pulled in as well but managed to escape.[22] The day also saw some roads submerged in as much as 9 inches (230 mm) of water, and thousands of OG&E customers experienced power outages as a result of the flooding in Oklahoma City and Del City.[23]
A station Oklahoma City recorded 19.48 inches (495 mm) of rainfall in May 2015, which made it the all-time wettest month on record. Records date back to 1890.[13]
From May 1 to May 25, 122 tornado warnings were reported by the National Weather Service in Oklahoma, more than in the same period
The Oklahoma Department of Transportation reported on May 26 that a number of highways were closed because of high water or damage from previous flooding.[24]
Louisiana
Flooding in Ruston, Louisiana on 18 May caused an eleven-year-old boy to drown in a submerged car along Colvin Creek.[25]
On May 24, voluntary evacuations were extended to include 2,177 homes near the Wichita River.[26] On May 25, near Houston, about 400 homes were placed under mandatory evacuation orders downstream from the Louis Creek Dam.[27]
On May 25, Texas Governor Greg Abbott declared a state of emergency for 24 counties as a result of the ongoing disaster, and called the floods the biggest in Texas history.[28][29] On May 26, President Barack Obama announced federal resources to help affected areas in Texas, and signed a disaster declaration for Oklahoma.[30][31] Houston Mayor Annise Parker declared a local state of disaster for the city of Houston on May 26.[13]
On May 26, Governor Mary Fallin declared a state of emergency for all 77 counties in Oklahoma.[32]
A study by Utah State University [33] analyzed the pathway in which anthropogenic global warming contributed to the persistent precipitation in May 2015: Warming in the tropical Pacific acted to strengthen the teleconnection toward North America, modification of zonal wave-5 circulation that deepened the stationary trough west of Texas, and enhanced Great Plains low-level southerlies increasing moisture supply from the Gulf of Mexico. Attribution analysis indicated a significant increase in the El Niño-induced precipitation anomalies over Texas and Oklahoma when increases in the anthropogenic greenhouse gases were taken into account.
Studies by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography found for Texas that precipitation totals have increased 10 percent in the last century, but mostly in eastern Texas, with more frequent, severe and longer drought conditions in west Texas.[34]
The report Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA) from 2013 by NOAA, projects that parts of Texas, and parts of the Great Plains region can expect up to 30% (High emissions scenario based on CMIP3 and NARCCAP models) increase in extreme precipitation days by midcentury. This definition is based on days receiving more than one inch of rainfall.[35]
A study from April 2015 concluded that about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to observed temperature increase since the Industrial Revolution and that this primarily results from human influence.[36][37]
More information EFU, EF0 ...
| EFU | EF0 | EF1 | EF2 | EF3 | EF4 | EF5 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 28 | 38 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 75 |
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- Note: One tornado in Mexico was rated F3 but is listed as EF3 in the above table for convenience.
May 23 event
More information EF#, Location ...
| EF# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start Coord. | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max width | Damage[note 2] | Summary | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EF0 | WSW of Bosler | Albany | WY | 41.5357°N 105.843°W / 41.5357; -105.843 (Bosler (May 23, EF0)) | 1855 – 1900 | 0.3 mi (0.48 km) | 35 yd (32 m) | $0 | Tornado remained over open country, causing no damage. | [38] |
| EF0 | N of Pocasset | Grady | OK | 35.19°N 98.0031°W / 35.19; -98.0031 (Pocasset (May 23, EF1)) | 2212 – 2232 | 6 mi (9.7 km) | 500 yd (460 m) | $0 | Four houses were damaged by this tornado. | [39] |
| EF0 | N of Sulphur (1st tornado) | Murray | OK | 34.5245°N 96.97°W / 34.5245; -96.97 (Sulphur (May 23, EF0)) | 2259 – 2307 | 3 mi (4.8 km) | 40 yd (37 m) | $0 | Tornado damaged a workshop building. | [40] |
| EF0 | SE of Ada | Pontotoc | OK | — | 2305 | 0.2 mi (0.32 km) | 20 yd (18 m) | $0 | Brief tornado remained over open country, causing no damage. | [41] |
| EF0 | N of Sulphur (2nd tornado) | Murray | OK | — | 2310 – 2311 | 0.5 mi (0.80 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $0 | Brief tornado remained over open country, causing no damage. | [42] |
| EF1 | E of Blanchard | McClain | OK | — | 2311 – 2317 | 2 mi (3.2 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $0 | Ten homes were damaged by this large tornado. | [43] |
| EF0 | S of Stratford | Garvin | OK | — | 2316 | 0.2 mi (0.32 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $0 | Brief tornado remained over open country, causing no damage. | [44] |
| EF1 | NE of Francis | Pontotoc, Seminole | OK | — | 2325 – 2333 | 3.75 mi (6.04 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | $0 | Tornado caused significant tree damage along its path. | [45][46] |
| EF0 | WSW of Newcastle | McClain | OK | — | 2330 – 2332 | 0.5 mi (0.80 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $0 | Tornado remained over open country causing no damage. | [47] |
| EF1 | SE of Maysville | Garvin | OK | — | 0005 | 0.5 mi (0.80 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $0 | A barn was destroyed by this brief tornado. | [48] |
| EF0 | N of Holdenville | Hughes | OK | — | 0013 | 0.2 mi (0.32 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $0 | Brief tornado remained over open country, causing no damage. | [49] |
| EF1 | SSW of Balcones Heights | Bexar | TX | 29.4430°N 98.575°W / 29.4430; -98.575 (Balcones Heights (May 23, EF1)) | 0116 – 0117 | 0.4 mi (0.64 km) | 150 yd (140 m) | One home sustained major damage to its roof, and additional residences nearby sustained generally minor damage to their roofs and vehicles. A home's carport had its roof removed and displaced two blocks to the north. Trees were damaged. | [50] | |
| EF0 | SE of Panola | Latimer | OK | 34.8785°N 95.1722°W / 34.8785; -95.1722 (Panola (May 23, EF0)) | 0144 – 0147 | 1.6 mi (2.6 km) | 75 yd (69 m) | $0 | Large tree limbs were snapped by this weak tornado. | [51] |
| EF0 | SE of Dripping Springs | Hays | TX | 30.1269°N 98.0909°W / 30.1269; -98.0909 (Dripping Springs (May 23, EF0)) | 0153 – 0200 | 5.8 mi (9.3 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | Approximately 15 homes and numerous trees were damaged along the path. | [52] | |
| EF1 | NNW of Jonestown | Travis | TX | 30.5465°N 97.9708°W / 30.5465; -97.9708 (Jonestown (May 23, EF1)) | 0158 – 0200 | 1.3 mi (2.1 km) | 200 yd (180 m) | A residence sustained roof and exterior wall damage as its front and back porches were destroyed. | [53] | |
| EF0 | Hays | Travis | TX | 30.1533°N 97.8694°W / 30.1533; -97.8694 (Hays (May 23, EF0)) | 0211 – 0213 | 2.5 mi (4.0 km) | 200 yd (180 m) | Significant tree damage and minor roof damage was observed in Hays. | [53] | |
| EF1 | N of Liberty Hill | Williamson | TX | 30.6909°N 97.9411°W / 30.6909; -97.9411 (Liberty Hill (May 23, EF1)) | 0222 – 0234 | 3.1 mi (5.0 km) | 200 yd (180 m) | Damage was largely confined to large oak trees. Seven to ten homes sustained damage mainly to their roofs, the most substantial instance being the complete less of a chimney. A barn had part of its roof ripped off. | [54] | |
| EF0 | NE of Jonestown | Travis, Williamson | TX | 30.5155°N 97.8883°W / 30.5155; -97.8883 (Jonestown (May 23, EF0)) | 0237 – 0238 | 1.2 mi (1.9 km) | 125 yd (114 m) | Damage to trees and a school occurred. | [53] | |
| EF1 | Wells Branch | Travis | TX | 30.365°N 97.685°W / 30.365; -97.685 (Wells Branch (May 23, EF1)) | 0239 – 0242 | 0.6 mi (0.97 km) | 250 yd (230 m) | A business in town had its sheet metal roofing peeled back, and a stone brick sign was demolished. At an apartment complex, roofing shingles were damaged, large tree limbs were snapped, and a garbage dumpster was tossed. The second floor of a storage facility had its metal roof and walls collapsed. The tornado lifted and tossed 10 small moving trailers. Several power poles were blown over and additional tree limbs were snapped. | [55] | |
| EF1 | N of Wyldwood | Bastrop | TX | 30.1692°N 97.494°W / 30.1692; -97.494 (Wyldwood (May 23, EF1)) | 0243 – 0244 | 0.8 mi (1.3 km) | 200 yd (180 m) | Several trees were uprooted, with several oaks sustaining substantial damage. Roof damage occurred at a residence. | [56] | |
| EF0 | WSW of Andice | Williamson | TX | 30.7665°N 97.925°W / 30.7665; -97.925 (Andice (May 23, EF0)) | 0247 | 0.25 mi (0.40 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | Tree and minor roof damage occurred along the path. | [57] | |
| EF1 | NE of Leander | Williamson | TX | 30.611°N 97.805°W / 30.611; -97.805 (Leander (May 23, EF1)) | 0247 – 0250 | 0.5 mi (0.80 km) | 150 yd (140 m) | Large tree limbs were snapped. Two homes sustained damage: one had a small portion of its roofing decking removed, while the second had over half of its roofing decking removed. Two large storage sheds were moved 20 yd (18 m). | [55] | |
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May 24 event
More information EF#, Location ...
| EF# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start Coord. | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max width | Damage[note 2] | Summary | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EF1 | Western Corpus Christi | Nueces | TX | — | 0627 – 0630 | 2.62 mi (4.22 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | $750,000 | Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted, some of which fell on houses and vehicles. A flower nursery and a grocery store were damaged, and a baseball dugout was destroyed. Several residences sustained minor to moderate roof and siding damage as well. | [58] |
| EF1 | Northern Irving | Dallas | TX | — | 0734 – 0736 | 1.13 mi (1.82 km) | 80 yd (73 m) | $600,000 | Several trees, two high rise buildings, and several carports were damaged. | [59] |
| EF1 | Northwestern Dallas | Dallas | TX | — | 0734 – 0737 | 4.91 mi (7.90 km) | 40 yd (37 m) | $100,000 | Trees and power lines were damaged. An apartment complex and several warehouse buildings sustained roof damage. | [60] |
| EF1 | Southwestern Houston | Harris | TX | 29.674°N 95.528°W / 29.674; -95.528 (Houston (May 24, EF1)) | 1133 – 1138 | 0.5 mi (0.80 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $200,000 | Ten structures at an apartment complex sustained roof damage, including one with complete roof removal and interior wall damage. A twelve-story glass facade building had several of its north-facing windows blown out. | [61] |
| EF1 | S of Marshall | Harrison | TX | 32.3588°N 94.3589°W / 32.3588; -94.3589 (Marshall (May 24, EF1)) | 1634 – 1636 | 1.89 mi (3.04 km) | 128 yd (117 m) | $75,000 | Trees were snapped or uprooted. A house sustained roof damage when its carport was lifted, a small outbuilding was destroyed, and a warehouse sustained roof damage. | [62] |
| EF1 | E of Marshall | Harrison | TX | 32.4719°N 94.3364°W / 32.4719; -94.3364 (Marshall (May 24, EF1)) | 1646 – 1700 | 9.52 mi (15.32 km) | 201 yd (184 m) | Damage was largely confined to snapped or uprooted trees, some of which damaged structures and vehicles. | [63] | |
| EF1 | E of Lowry City | St. Clair | MO | 38.1052°N 93.712°W / 38.1052; -93.712 (Lowry City (May 24, EF1)) | 1715 – 1720 | 4.63 mi (7.45 km) | 200 yd (180 m) | Several outbuildings and two homes were severely damaged, and numerous trees were damaged or uprooted. | [64] | |
| EF1 | ESE of St. Paul | Lee | IA | 40.7551°N 91.4801°W / 40.7551; -91.4801 (St. Paul (May 24, EF1)) | 2242 | 0.1 mi (0.16 km) | 25 yd (23 m) | $10,000 | A barn and a grain bin were destroyed, a couple of chimneys were damaged, and some trees and a power line were downed. | [65] |
| EF0 | W of Merriman(1st tornado) | Cherry | NE | 42.92°N 101.9965°W / 42.92; -101.9965 (Merriman (May 24, EF0)) | 2245 | 0.1 mi (0.16 km) | 20 yd (18 m) | $0 | Brief landspout tornado remained over open rangeland, causing no damage. | [66] |
| EF0 | W of Merriman(2nd tornado) | Cherry | NE | 42.92°N 101.9925°W / 42.92; -101.9925 (Merriman (May 24, EF0)) | 2245 | 0.1 mi (0.16 km) | 20 yd (18 m) | $0 | Law enforcement reported a brief landspout tornado in open rangeland. | [67] |
| EF1 | W of Theodosia | Ozark | MO | 36.5859°N 92.7058°W / 36.5859; -92.7058 (Theodosia (May 24, EF1)) | 2259 – 2308 | 4.5 mi (7.2 km) | 200 yd (180 m) | A tornado damaged or destroyed three barns, caused minor damage to a mobile home, and snapped or uprooted hundreds of trees. | [64] | |
| EF2 | N of New Boston | Mercer | IL | 41.2527°N 90.9854°W / 41.2527; -90.9854 (New Boston (May 24, EF2)) | 2350 – 0000 | 6.75 mi (10.86 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $30,000 | A large machine shed and two garages were completely destroyed, and a house had a portion of its roof ripped off. Additional trees and outbuildings were damaged. | [68] |
| EF1 | NNE of Kismet to N of Plains | Seward, Meade | KS | 37.2318°N 100.6849°W / 37.2318; -100.6849 (Plains (May 24, EF1)) | 0237 – 0321 | 10.87 mi (17.49 km) | 1,200 yd (1,100 m) | $1,000,000 | Irrigation pivots were damaged by this large wedge tornado. | [69][70] |
| EF0 | W of Hayne | Seward | KS | 37.0975°N 100.818°W / 37.0975; -100.818 (Hayne (May 24, EF0)) | 0247 – 0249 | 0.71 mi (1.14 km) | 150 yd (140 m) | $0 | Tornado remained over open country causing no damage. | [71] |
| EF0 | NE of Plains | Meade | KS | 37.3006°N 100.539°W / 37.3006; -100.539 (Plains (May 24, EF0)) | 0306 – 0314 | 2.4 mi (3.9 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | $0 | Tornado remained over open country, causing no damage. | [72] |
| EF0 | N of Plains | Meade | KS | 37.3399°N 100.5342°W / 37.3399; -100.5342 (Plains (May 24, EF0)) | 0320 – 0334 | 3.1 mi (5.0 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | $0 | Tornado remained over open country, causing no damage. | [73] |
| EF1 | NNE of Plains to SE of Montezuma | Meade, Gray | KS | 37.4104°N 100.4592°W / 37.4104; -100.4592 (Montezuma (May 24, EF1)) | 0347 – 0430 | 13.2 mi (21.2 km) | 800 yd (730 m) | Unknown | Numerous pivot irrigation sprinklers were damaged by this large wedge tornado. | [74][75] |
| EF2 | SW of Dodge City | Meade, Ford | KS | 37.5337°N 100.3193°W / 37.5337; -100.3193 (Dodge City (May 24, EF2)) | 0426 – 0515 | 14.62 mi (23.53 km) | 250 yd (230 m) | Unknown | High voltage transmission lines and poles, pivot irrigation sprinklers, trees, and a home were damaged by this large wedge tornado. The home had a large stock trailer thrown into it. A car was tossed 100 yd (91 m) to the northeast. | [76][77] |
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May 25 event
More information EF#, Location ...
| EF# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start Coord. | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max width | Damage[note 2] | Summary | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EF1 | S of Dodge City | Ford | KS | 37.6688°N 100.0987°W / 37.6688; -100.0987 (Ft. Dodge (May 24, EF1)) | 0520 – 0532 | 6.43 mi (10.35 km) | 75 yd (69 m) | Unknown | A few pivot irrigation sprinklers, trees, and a home were damaged. | [78] |
| EF1 | Kenner | Jefferson | LA | 29.97°N 90.25°W / 29.97; -90.25 (Jefferson (May 25, EF1)) | 0622 | Unknown | 75–100 yd (69–91 m) | One building in Kenner suffered structural damage as of result of this tornado which also damaged trees and took down power lines. | [79] | |
| F3 | Ciudad Acuña | Acuña | COA | — | ~1130 | Unknown | Unknown | 14 deaths – A large tornado struck a densely populated subdivision in Ciudad Acuña, near the Mexico–United States border, causing extensive damage. Cars and buses were thrown and mangled, and numerous masonry homes were damaged, with a few that were leveled. 750 structures were damaged or destroyed and more than 200 people were injured. May have been an F4 according to some sources. | [80][81][82] | |
| EF0 | WSW of Amory | Monroe | MS | 33.9464°N 88.635°W / 33.9464; -88.635 (Amory (May 25, EF0)) | 1341 – 1347 | 4.3 mi (6.9 km) | 70 yd (64 m) | Trees were snapped or uprooted, some of which damaged the roof of several homes. | [83] | |
| EF1 | Amory | Monroe | MS | 33.9816°N 88.4885°W / 33.9816; -88.4885 (Amory (May 25, EF1)) | 1351 – 1357 | 2.5 mi (4.0 km) | 150 yd (140 m) | Numerous trees in town were snapped or uprooted, some of which damaged the roofs of homes, carports, and storage sheds, and power poles were bent. A few homes had areas of shingles removed. | [83] | |
| EF1 | S of Loraine | Mitchell | TX | 32.3994°N 100.7172°W / 32.3994; -100.7172 (Loraine (May 25, EF1)) | 1400 – 1401 | 0.16 mi (0.26 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | $40,000 | A barn had several of its walls collapsed and a pole with a cement base pulled out of the ground. Debris from the barn was impaled through a nearby house. | [84] |
| EF0 | NNE of Sweetwater | Fisher | TX | 32.54°N 100.4°W / 32.54; -100.4 (Palava (May 25, EF0)) | 1445 – 1448 | 1.06 mi (1.71 km) | 40 yd (37 m) | $0 | The public observed a tornado along Texas State Highway 70. It remained over open country and caused no damage. | [85] |
| EF0 | W of Louisville | Winston | MS | 33.1054°N 89.1826°W / 33.1054; -89.1826 (Louisville (May 25, EF0)) | 1519 – 1521 | 0.94 mi (1.51 km) | 25 yd (23 m) | $20,000 | Multiple trees were uprooted and multiple large branches were downed. A small boat was lofted several yards. | [86] |
| EF0 | Fort Lauderdale Beach | Broward | FL | 26.1122°N 80.1041°W / 26.1122; -80.1041 (Broward (May 25, EF0)) | 1600 – 1601 | 0.06 mi (0.097 km) | 10 yd (9.1 m) | $0 | A waterspout moved ashore Fort Lauderdale Beach, causing four injuries when an inflatable bounce house was lofted into the air. | [87] |
| EF1 | Marshall | Harrison | TX | 32.4719°N 94.3364°W / 32.4719; -94.3364 (Marshall (May 25, EF1)) | 1646 – 1700 | 9.54 mi (15.35 km) | 201 yd (184 m) | $300,000 | Numerous trees and power lines were downed, and falling trees damaged several homes in town. | [88] |
| EF1 | E of Fredericksburg | Gillespie | TX | 30.2462°N 98.8038°W / 30.2462; -98.8038 (Fredericksburg (May 25, EF1)) | 1733 – 1736 | 2.4 mi (3.9 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | A water pump station lost its roof and a brick wall; additional damage was largely confined to trees. | [89] | |
| EF0 | NW of Johnson City | Blanco | TX | 30.3375°N 98.4931°W / 30.3375; -98.4931 (Johnson City (May 25, EF0)) | 1804 – 1809 | 4.9 mi (7.9 km) | 200 yd (180 m) | Numerous trees and two barns were damaged. | [89] | |
| EF1 | NE of Lampasas | Lampasas | TX | — | 1841 – 1842 | 0.42 mi (0.68 km) | 90 yd (82 m) | $35,000 | Several trees were damaged and a home had a large portion of its roof ripped off. | [90] |
| EF1 | N of Kempner | Lampasas | TX | — | 1842 – 1845 | 1.53 mi (2.46 km) | 180 yd (160 m) | $85,000 | Several buildings were damaged, including two houses that had a majority of their roofs removed. | [91] |
| EF1 | NNW of Copperas Cove | Coryell | TX | — | 1906 – 1914 | 5.66 mi (9.11 km) | 600 yd (550 m) | $90,000 | All but one tree at a historic cemetery was damaged and/or uprooted. Six homes were damaged, one of which had roofing material removed. | [92] |
| EF0 | Eastern Sherman | Grayson | TX | — | 1925 – 1928 | 1.71 mi (2.75 km) | 30 yd (27 m) | $20,000 | A tornado produced minimal damage over open construction areas. | [93] |
| EF3 | WSW of Blue to E of Caney | Bryan, Atoka | OK | — | 1942 – 2020 | 18.8 mi (30.3 km) | 700 yd (640 m) | $0 | 1 death – A few houses and mobile homes were completely destroyed while other houses were damaged, some significantly. The fatality occurred when a mobile home was completely destroyed. | [94][95] |
| EF2 | NNW of Bentley | Atoka | OK | — | 2029 – 2041 | 8 mi (13 km) | 1,000 yd (910 m) | $0 | Trees were uprooted and a number of houses were damaged. | [96] |
| EF0 | NE of Duplex | Fannin | TX | — | 2041 – 2043 | 2.43 mi (3.91 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | $65,000 | Several trees were damaged or uprooted. The roof of a church and two homes were damaged. | [97] |
| EF0 | near Kirvin | Freestone | TX | — | 2055 – 2056 | 0.33 mi (0.53 km) | 25 yd (23 m) | $5,000 | A brief tornado produced minor crop damage. | [98] |
| EF2 | W of Cameron | Milam | TX | — | 2055 – 2105 | 8.88 mi (14.29 km) | 400 yd (370 m) | $760,000 | 1 death – Approximately 12 houses, mobile homes, or farm buildings were damaged or destroyed. Multiple trees were damaged as well. Fatality occurred when a manufactured home was completely destroyed. | [99] |
| EF1 | NE of Atoka | Atoka | OK | — | 2106 – 2108 | 1 mi (1.6 km) | 400 yd (370 m) | $0 | Emergency management and trained storm spotters observed a tornado. | [100] |
| EF1 | W of Cedar Creek | Bastrop | TX | 30.085°N 97.542°W / 30.085; -97.542 (Cedar Creek (May 25, EF1)) | 2124 – 2133 | 3 mi (4.8 km) | 440 yd (400 m) | Many trees were snapped or uprooted. A few barns and a greenhouse were destroyed, and 12 homes were damaged. One person was critically injured. | [101] | |
| EF2 | ESE of Clayton to SSW of Talihina | Pushmataha, Latimer | OK | 34.552°N 95.2235°W / 34.552; -95.2235 (Clayton (May 25, EF2)) | 2152 – 2212 | 13.3 mi (21.4 km) | 1,000 yd (910 m) | $45,000 | An outbuilding was destroyed and several homes were damaged. Power poles were downed and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. | [102][103] |
| EF1 | E of Whitesboro | Le Flore | OK | 34.6469°N 94.8628°W / 34.6469; -94.8628 (Whitesboro (May 25, EF1)) | 2217 – 2225 | 6.4 mi (10.3 km) | 600 yd (550 m) | $10,000 | Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted and power poles were blown down. | [104] |
| EF1 | NE of Fanshawe | Le Flore | OK | 34.9734°N 94.8709°W / 34.9734; -94.8709 (Fanshawe (May 25, EF1)) | 2234 – 2249 | 7.5 mi (12.1 km) | 250 yd (230 m) | $0 | Numerous trees were snapped. | [105] |
| EF2 | ENE of Wister to NW of Panama | Le Flore | OK | 34.9835°N 94.6658°W / 34.9835; -94.6658 (Wister (May 25, EF2)) | 2248 – 2307 | 15.5 mi (24.9 km) | 1,700 yd (1,600 m) | $500,000 | At least two mobile homes were destroyed; other barns and outbuildings were also destroyed. Several homes were severely damaged while a number of others sustained roof damage. A cellular communication tower was partially collapsed, power poles were downed, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. | [106] |
| EF1 | SE of Ola | Yell | AR | — | 2335 – 2336 | 0.43 mi (0.69 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | $5,000 | Some trees and power lines were downed. | [107] |
| EF1 | E of Ola | Yell | AR | — | 2340 – 2344 | 1.91 mi (3.07 km) | 250 yd (230 m) | $300,000 | A home, some chicken houses, and several outbuildings were damaged; one chicken house was destroyed. Some trees and power lines were downed. | [108] |
| EF0 | SE of Floresville | Wilson | TX | 29.099°N 98.13°W / 29.099; -98.13 (Floresville (May 25, EF0)) | 2310 – 2314 | 1 mi (1.6 km) | 50 yd (46 m) | A carport awning to a business was ripped off and a few tree limbs were downed. | [109] | |
| EF1 | WNW of Swiss Alp | Fayette | TX | 29.787°N 96.951°W / 29.787; -96.951 (Swiss Alp (May 25, EF1)) | 2316 – 2324 | 4 mi (6.4 km) | 100 yd (91 m) | Two homes sustained substantial roof damage, multiple barns sustained roof damage, a few small outbuildings were destroyed, and several trees were snapped at their trunks. | [110] | |
| EF2 | Henderson | Rusk | TX | 32.1177°N 94.9438°W / 32.1177; -94.9438 (Henderson (May 25, EF2)) | 2347 – 0006 | 19.45 mi (31.30 km) | 600 yd (550 m) | $250,000 | Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted, several power poles were snapped, and several homes sustained minor to moderate damage in and around town. | [111] |
| EF0 | W of Pandora | Wilson | TX | 29.247°N 97.874°W / 29.247; -97.874 (Pandora (May 25, EF0)) | 2357 – 0002 | 1.75 mi (2.82 km) | 150 yd (140 m) | Crops were damaged, a few trees were uprooted and several large limbs were snapped, a mobile home had its skirting damaged and the tin roof to a patio cover peeled off, a metal carport was collapsed, a residence sustained shingle damage, and a small barn was heavily damaged. | [112] | |
| EF1 | SSW of Beckville to NE of DeBerry | Panola | TX | 32.24°N 94.4566°W / 32.24; -94.4566 (Beckville (May 25, EF1)) | 0018 – 0043 | 21.6 mi (34.8 km) | 1,251 yd (1,144 m) | $600,000 | Trees were snapped or uprooted, several of which damaged homes upon falling, and outbuildings sustained some damage. | [113] |
| EF1 | SE of Shreveport | Caddo | LA | 32.3891°N 93.7903°W / 32.3891; -93.7903 (Shreveport (May 25, EF1)) | 0112 – 0113 | 0.43 mi (0.69 km) | 91 yd (83 m) | $500,000 | Trees were snapped or uprooted, several of which caused major damage to homes upon falling. | [114] |
Close
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 Texas–Oklahoma flood and tornado outbreak.
- All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.
- "U.S. Storms, Floods Kill 31 People, 27 of Them in Texas". The Wall Street Journal. May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
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- "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events". NOAA. February 2022. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
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- US News (May 26, 2015). "Houston Floods Devastate Region".
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- Wang S.-Y. Simon (2015). "Role of the strengthened El Niño teleconnection in the May 2015 floods over the southern Great Plains". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (19): 8140–8146. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.8140S. doi:10.1002/2015GL065211.
- Chron (May 14, 2015). "Flash flood warning issued for SE Texas counties".
- Lynn Walker (May 23, 2015). "City expands flood evacuation area". Times Record News. Wichita Falls, Texas. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
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- "Obama promises to help Texas with flooding". CNN. May 26, 2015.
- White House (May 26, 2015). "President Obama Signs Oklahoma Disaster Declaration". whitehouse.gov – via National Archives.
- The Oklahoma Daily (May 26, 2015). "All Oklahoma counties under state of emergency".
- "Role of the strengthened El Niño teleconnection in the May 2015 floods over the southern Great Plains" - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL065211/full
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography. "Climate Change in Texas" (PDF).
- NOAA (2013). "Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment" (PDF). p. 58.
- Justin Gillis (April 27, 2015). "New Study Links Weather Extremes to Global Warming". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
"The bottom line is that things are not that complicated," Dr. Knutti said. "You make the world a degree or two warmer, and there will be more hot days. There will be more moisture in the atmosphere, so that must come down somewhere."
- E. M. Fischer & R. Knutti (April 27, 2015). "Anthropogenic contribution to global occurrence of heavy-precipitation and high-temperature extremes". Nature Climate Change. 5 (6): 560–564. Bibcode:2015NatCC...5..560F. doi:10.1038/nclimate2617.
We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. … Likewise, today about 75% of the moderate daily hot extremes over land are attributable to warming.
- Wyoming Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas (May 28, 2015). "NWS Damage Survey for 05/23/15 Tornado Event in Bexar County". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
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{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - "NWS Damage Survey for 05/23/15 Tornado Event in Hays County". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. May 28, 2015. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
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{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - "NWS Damage Survey for May 24 2015 Tornado Event". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
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{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Nebraska Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Nebraska Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - "20150525's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
- Eduardo López Segura (May 25, 2015). "Fue categoría F3 el tornado de Ciudad Acuña" (in Spanish). Noticieros Televisa. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
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{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Mississippi Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Florida Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - "NWS Damage Survey for 05/25/15 Tornado Event in Gillespie and Blanco Counties". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
- Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - "NWS Damage Survey for 05/25/2015 Tornado Event in Bastrop County". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
- Oklahoma Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Oklahoma Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - "NWS Damage Survey for 05/25/15 Tornado Event in Wilson County". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
- "NWS Damage Survey for 05/25/15 Tornado Event in Fayette County". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
- Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - "NWS Damage Survey for 05/25/15 Tornado Event in Wilson County". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
- Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - Louisiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
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