2019_Japanese_imperial_transition

2019 Japanese imperial transition

2019 Japanese imperial transition

Japanese imperial abdication and transition

The 2019 Japanese imperial transition occurred on 30 April 2019 when the then 85-year-old Emperor Akihito of Japan abdicated from the Chrysanthemum Throne after reigning for 30 years,[1] becoming the first Emperor of Japan to do so since Emperor Kōkaku in 1817. This marked the end of the Heisei era and the inception of the Reiwa era, and saw numerous festivities leading up to the accession of his eldest son and successor, Emperor Naruhito.[2] The Enthronement Ceremony took place on 22 October 2019.[3] Akihito's younger son, Prince Akishino, is his brother's heir presumptive. The ceremony cost 16.6 billion Yen.[4]

Emperor and Constitution

Background

In 2010, Emperor Akihito informed his advisory council that he would eventually like to retire from his position. However, no action was taken by senior members of the Imperial Household Agency.[5]

On 13 July 2016, national broadcaster NHK reported that the Emperor wished to abdicate in favour of his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito within a few years.[6]

Senior officials within the Imperial Household Agency denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate. A potential abdication by the Emperor would require an amendment to the Imperial Household Law, which has no provisions for such a move.[7][8]

National speech

On 8 August 2016, the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health;[9] this address was interpreted as an implication of his intention to abdicate.[10][11]

Legislation

Main article: Emperor Abdication Law

With the intention of the abdication now known, the Cabinet Office appointed Yasuhiko Nishimura as the Imperial Household Agency's Vice Grand Steward. In October 2016, the Cabinet Office appointed a panel of experts to debate the Emperor's abdication.[12]

In January 2017, the Lower House Budget committee began informally debating the constitutional nature of the abdication.[5]

On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the Cabinet of Japan. On 8 June 2017, the National Diet passed it into law, permitting the government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to Crown Prince Naruhito.[13] This meant the Imperial Household Law was changed for the first time since 1949. The abdication officially occurred on 30 April 2019.[14][15]

He received the title of Jōkō (上皇, Emperor Emeritus), an abbreviation of Daijō Tennō (太上天皇), upon abdicating, and his wife, the Empress, became Jōkōgō (上皇后, Empress Emerita).[16]

Imperial Household Council

On 1 December 2017, the Imperial Household Council, which had not met in 24 years, did so in order to schedule the ceremonies involved in the first such transfer of power in two centuries.[17][18]

The Imperial Household Council consists of the prime minister, the speaker and vice-speaker of the House of Representatives, the president and vice-president of the House of Councillors, the grand steward of the Imperial Household Agency, the chief justice and one justice of the Supreme Court, and two members of the Imperial family. Fumihito, Prince Akishino, the Emperor's younger son, asked to recuse himself as he would become the next Crown Prince. He was replaced by Masahito, Prince Hitachi, the Emperor's 82-year-old younger brother. The other member of the imperial family was Hitachi's wife, Hanako, Princess Hitachi.[19]

Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga told reporters that the date was chosen to permit the old Emperor to be able to preside over the 30th anniversary Jubilee and to coincide with the Golden Week annual holiday period, turning the changeover from a period of mourning and makeshift ceremonial into a joyous, well-planned festival.[20]

Finally, on 8 December 2017, the government created a special committee to oversee the events. According to Yoshihide Suga: "It will deal with the matter properly, taking into consideration the possible impact on the people's lives."[21]

Preparations for the imperial transition, 2017–2019

The committee met for the first time in January 2018, and the following month announced that a plan called a "basic policy statement," would be released on 3 April.[22] Official farewell celebrations began with a 30th Jubilee ceremony on 12 February 2019, a delay which would avoid any implication of a celebration of the death of the Emperor Shōwa on 7 January.[23]

Golden Week, 2019

The government consolidated the Golden Week into a special ten-day holiday block lasting from 27 April to 6 May. Even without the imperial transition, 29 April and 3–6 May were scheduled as national holidays in 2019, following the weekend of 27–28 April. To mark the imperial transition, the government determined that abdication and enthronement would both be national holidays. Japanese law states that a regular work day sandwiched between two national holidays becomes a public holiday.[24]

Calendars

Further information: Japanese era name and Reiwa
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga announces the new Imperial era "Reiwa" to the press.

Since the Meiji Restoration in 1867, a new Japanese Era starts the day after the death of old emperor. However, in Emperor Akihito's case, manufacturers of calendars, forms, and other paper products needed to know the new Era's name in advance to produce wares in a timely manner.[25][26][5]

While the Era names for the Shōwa and Heisei eras were kept state secrets until the deaths of the previous emperors, that was not possible in this case, because an abdication is unprecedented since the 1889 Meiji Constitution was adopted. In order to prevent divisive debate on the subject, delaying the announcement as late as is practically possible, either the old Emperor's birthday or his Jubilee celebrations had been suggested.[27]

Until the Era name became known, computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems before the transition in order to ensure that the new era will be handled correctly by their software. Some systems provided test mechanisms to simulate a new era ahead of time.[28]

The new Era name, Reiwa (令和), was revealed on 1 April 2019 by Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga during a televised press conference.[29]

Enthronement Ceremony

Emperor Naruhito during the Enthronement Ceremony

The Enthronement Ceremony for Emperor Naruhito took place in the Imperial Palace in Tokyo on 22 October 2019, marking the end of the transition period. It was an extra holiday.[30] It was attended by current and former Japanese politicians and more than 3,000 other official guests, which included more than 120 heads of state and government, as well as high-profile delegates from about 210 countries and territories and 9 organizations (the only country not to be invited to this ceremony was Syria).[31]

The Enthronement Ceremony began at 9 am JST (02:00 UTC) with the private "Kashikodokoro-Omae-no-gi" ritual when the Emperor, dressed in white traditional court wear, visited "Kashikodokoro," the main sanctuary in the Tokyo Imperial Palace where the Sun Goddess is said to be enshrined.[32]

At 1 pm JST (06:00 UTC), the main ceremony began. In the ceremony, Emperor Naruhito wore the sokutai and Empress Masako wore the jūnihitoe. He then took his place on the 6.5-metre (21-foot) Takamikura throne alongside Masako at the Matsu-no-Ma (Pine Hall), and gave a speech which emphasized his role as the symbol of the State.[32] The speech then followed by a congratulatory speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and three cheers of banzai.[33]

Guests

The ceremony was attended by representatives of around 174 countries, including foreign royalties, heads of state and government.[34][35] A state banquet hosted by Emperor Naruhito himself was organized later in the day.[36]

Japanese Imperial Family and relatives

  • The Empress, the Emperor's wife and consort
Other descendants of Akihito
Other descendants of Emperor Shōwa
Other descendants of Emperor Taishō

Owada family

  • Hisashi and Yumiko Owada, the Empress's parents

Absentees

Post-enthronement parade

A parade to celebrate Naruhito's enthronement as Emperor took place on 10 November at 3 pm local time (06:00 UTC) as tens of thousands of people gathered in the city centre of Tokyo waving the Japanese flag. The Emperor and Empress used a Toyota Century convertible, which was followed by vehicles with Crown Prince Fumihito and his wife Crown Princess Kiko as well as Shinzō Abe.[37][38]

The procession forming a 400-metre motorcade was started from Tokyo Imperial Palace, passed the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and the main gate of the Diet building before arriving at the couple's residence in the Akasaka Imperial Grounds on the 4.6-kilometre-long (3-mile-long) route.[39][40]

Timeline

Heisei era

2010

Emperor Akihito informs his advisory council that he would like to abdicate eventually and asks for their help in arranging this.

2016

  • July: Emperor Akihito leaks to the press his wishes to abdicate.
  • 13 July: NHK reports his wishes to the public.
  • 8 August: The Emperor makes address to the public on television and radio implying the above wish.[41]
  • September: Prime Minister Shinzo Abe appoints a committee to investigate the legal ramifications of a possible abdication.

2017

2018

  • January: The committee meets for the first time.
  • 20 February: Preliminary paper on official ceremonials issued stating that the abdication will be a state occasion.[46]
  • 3 April: White Paper on official ceremonials is issued by the committee.[22]
  • 23 December: The final celebration of Akihito's birthday as the Emperor.

2019

  • 8 January: 30th Anniversary Jubilee begins with commemoration ceremonies for the Emperor Shōwa.[47] Start of official farewell celebrations for Emperor Akihito.
  • 14 February: A survey was listed out for suggestions about Naruhito's era name.[48]
  • 24 February: 30th Jubilee of Akihito celebrations at the National Theater.[23][49]
  • 25 February: The Imperial Household Agency announces that Akihito and Michiko's English titles upon abdication will be His Imperial Majesty The Emperor Emeritus and Her Imperial Majesty The Empress Emerita, respectively.[50]
  • 12 March: Traditional private abdication ceremonies and rituals began with the Kashikodokoro-ni-Taii-oyobi-sono-Kijitsu-Hōkoku-no-gi ceremony.
    • Kashikodokoro-ni-Taii-oyobi-sono-Kijitsu-Hōkoku-no-gi (賢所に退位及びその期日奉告の儀) in which Emperor Akihito reports his abdication to the sun goddess Amaterasu-ōmikami at the Kashiko-dokoro of the Three Palace Sanctuaries of the Imperial Palace.[51]
    • Kōreiden-Shinden-ni-Taii-oyobi-sono-Kijitsu-Hōkoku-no-gi (皇霊殿神殿に退位及びその期日奉告の儀) in which Emperor Akihito reports his abdication to the Ancestral Spirits of the Imperial Family from one year after their death and the Amatsukami (天津神) from Takamagahara and Kunitsukami (国津神) from Japanese mythology at the Kōrei-den and Shin-den of the Three Palace Sanctuaries of the Imperial Palace respectively.
    • Jingū-Jinmu-Tennō-Sanryō-oyobi-Shōwa-Tennō-izen-Yondai-no-Tennō-Sanryō-ni-Chokushi-Hakken-no-gi (神宮神武天皇山陵及び昭和天皇以前四代の天皇山陵に勅使発遣の儀) in which Imperial messengers and priests are sent to the Ise Grand Shrine, the mausoleum of Emperor Jimmu, and the mausoleums of the 4 most recent Emperors to report Emperor Akihito's abdication.
  • 15 March: Traditional private abdication rituals.
    • Jingū-ni-Hohei-no-gi (神宮に奉幣の儀) Imperial messengers and priests made offerings and reported Emperor Akihito's abdication at the Ise Grand Shrine.
    • Jinmu-Tennō-Sanryō-oyobi-Shōwa-Tennō-izen-Yondai-no-Tennō-Sanryō-ni-Hōhei-no-gi (神武天皇山陵及び昭和天皇以前四代の天皇山陵に奉幣の儀) Imperial messengers and priests reported Emperor Akihito's abdication to the mausoleum of Emperor Jimmu, and the mausoleums of the 4 most recent Emperors.
  • 26 March: Jinmu-Tennō-Sanryō-ni-Shin'etsu-no-gi (神武天皇山陵に親謁の儀) The Emperor and Empress paid respects at the mausoleum of Emperor Jimmu in Kashihara, Nara Prefecture.[51]
  • 1 April: The new Era name is approved by the Cabinet, and is officially announced to the world by Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga as Reiwa (令和).[52]
  • 18 April: Jingū-ni-Shin'etsu-no-gi (神宮に親謁の儀) The Emperor and Empress pay respects at the Ise Grand Shrine in Ise, Mie Prefecture.[51]
  • 21 April: Local elections happen in Japan.[53]
  • 23 April: Shōwa-Tennō-Sanryō-ni-Shin'etsu-no-gi (昭和天皇山陵に親謁の儀) The Emperor and Empress pay respects at the mausoleum of his late father, Emperor Shōwa, at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Hachiōji, Tokyo.[51]
  • 27 April: Extra Holiday: Start of Golden Week holiday season.[54]
  • 28 April: Extra Holiday
  • 29 April: Shōwa Day
  • 30 April: Taiirei-Seiden-no-gi (退位礼正殿の儀) Emperor Akihito announces his resignation from the throne and receives audience with the representatives of the people for the last time during a relatively brief ceremony in the Pine Hall (Matsu-no-Ma); the ceremony also featured two of the Three Sacred Treasures, and the Privy Seal and State Seal. Akihito becomes the first Jōkō since 1840. Heisei era comes to an end.[55]
Reiwa era
  • 1 May: Beginning of the Reiwa era and accession date of Emperor Naruhito.
    • Kenji-tō-Shōkei-no-gi (剣璽等承継の儀) Emperor Naruhito inherits two of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan, as well as the Privy Seal and State Seal. This ceremony also takes place in the Hall of Pines.[56][57][58]
    • Sokui-go-Chōken-no-gi (即位後朝見の儀) in which Emperor Naruhito meets for the first time with the representatives of the people.
  • 2 May: Extra Holiday
  • 3 May: Constitution Memorial Day
  • 4 May: Greenery Day
  • 5 May: Children's Day
  • 6 May: Extra Holiday: End of Golden Week Celebrations.
  • 22 October: Enthronement Ceremony
    • Sokuirei-Seiden-no-gi (即位礼正殿の儀) in which Emperor Naruhito proclaims the enthronement and receives felicitations from representatives of the people from at home and abroad.
  • 22, 25, 29, 31 October: Kyōen-no-gi (饗宴の儀) Court banquets to celebrate the enthronement and receive congratulations from guests.
  • 10 November (rescheduled from 22 October):[59] Shukuga-Onretsu-no-gi (祝賀御列の儀) Procession to show and receive good wishes from the people by motor car.
  • 14–15 November: Daijōsai (大嘗祭)[60]

2020

Ceremonies

The following table lists abdication and enthronement ceremonies in chronological order. Private ceremonies are listed as "Private". State acts are listed as "Public".[61][62]

More information Date, Ceremony ...

See also

References

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