Eligibility

Candidates must satisfy either the public sector or private sector requirement. Under the public sector requirement, the candidate automatically qualifies if having held either a designated public office or the chief executive position of a key statutory board or government company. Under the private sector requirement, the candidate automatically qualifies if that person has been the chief executive of a company with S$500 million shareholders' equity and net profitability.^[4] Notwithstanding the aforementioned automatic tracks, candidates could also be qualified on a deliberative track where their abilities and experiences have been assessed by the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC) to be equivalent to either the public- or private-sector automatic track requirements.^[5]

The presidency is required by the Constitution to be non-partisan.^[6] However, many former presidents, as well as former candidates, had ties with the long-ruling People's Action Party (PAP) prior to their candidacies. Tharman had served as an MP for the PAP. He was a cabinet minister from 2015 to 2023, and was once seen as a potential candidate for prime minister.^[7][1] Tharman was also described by the Reuters news agency as the candidate closest to the country's establishment.^[8]

Ng had previous work experience with Singapore's sovereign wealth fund, the GIC, as well as the country's monetary authority. Tan had previous ties with the arm of the National Trades Union Congress that is now known as Income Insurance. Tan's candidacy also had the support of a number of opposition figures, including SDP's Tan Jee Say and Lim Tean with the Peoples Voice party as proposers, a mid-race endorsement from former presidential candidate and current PSP chairman Tan Cheng Bock (albeit in a personal capacity), as well as support from SDP's Chee Soon Juan and PPP leader Goh Meng Seng.^[9]

Following amendments to the Constitution, the 2017 presidential election was the first to be reserved for a particular racial community.^{[10][lower-alpha 2]} It was restricted to candidates from the minority Malay community, who had not held the presidency since 1970.^[11][12] The 2023 presidential election was open to candidates of any racial community.

Election procedures

President Halimah Yacob's term of office was scheduled to end on 13 September 2023. The presidential election had to be held within three months of that date.^[13][14] Any Singaporean citizen who wished to be a candidate in the election had to apply and receive a Certificate of Eligibility (COE), as well as a community certificate.^[15]

On 11 August, the writ of election was issued by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.^[16][17] The writ specified Nomination Day to be held on 22 August 2023 at the People's Association (PA) headquarters at 9 King George's Avenue. The Returning Officer for this election was to be Tan Meng Dui, CEO of the Housing and Development Board (HDB), who is serving his second term, after the 2020 general election.^[18]

By Nomination Day, all prospective candidates had to have prepared their nomination papers, which included the COE, community certificate, and political donation certificate. The candidate also had to pay the election deposit of $40,500, which was lowered from the $43,500 required for the previous election. A candidate would lose this deposit if they did not receive 12.50% of the total votes cast. The nomination paper must be signed by one's proposer, seconder, and at least four assenters, and be handed to the Returning Officer between 11:00 to 12:00 SST (UTC+08:00) on Nomination Day.^[19][20] On that day, the Returning Officer announces the candidates running for the presidency. However, if only one candidate was successfully nominated, the election would be declared a walkover, and the sole nominated candidate would be the President-elect. Otherwise, Polling Day was set for 1 September.^[13]

In-person rallies were discouraged by the Elections Department, which did not designate any rally sites, as such rallies may be divisive and thus not congruent with the nature of the unifying nature of the presidential system. Candidate speeches were televised on local television channels instead, while smaller election meetings were allowed to be held, albeit indoors or otherwise under cover, for security reasons.^[21] Campaigning took place between 22 and 30 August. This was followed by a cooling-off day, on 31 August, on the eve of Polling Day, when campaigning was prohibited, to allow time for voters to reflect on events before casting their votes.^[22][2]

A candidate required a plurality of the vote to be elected.

Local voting

Polling Day was 1 September 2023, between 08:00 and 20:00; the winner of the election was determined by first-past-the-post voting (FPTP) and was inaugurated on 14 September. The election would potentially see 2,709,455 eligible voters cast their votes, up from 2,653,942 from the most recent general election in 2020, and 2,274,773 from the last contested presidential election in 2011.^[23][24] The Elections Department of Singapore (ELD) increased the number of polling stations from 1,097 to 1,264, reducing the number of voters allocated to each station from an average of 2,400 to 2,150, compared to the last election.^[25] The ELD had also assigned more civil servants, increasing them from 30,000 to 36,000.^[25] The 'X' pen used in the 2020 general election was also replaced with an 'X' stamp, to eliminate the confusion of voters who in the previous election had mistaken the pen for writing rather than for marking.^[25] After the polls closed, ballot boxes were sealed and transported to one of 215 counting stations.^[26]

On 24 August, ELD issued an apology to 9,822 voters from Tanjong Pagar GRC—all of whom had been assigned to vote at either St Margaret's School, Tanglin Community Centre, Farrer Park Primary School, or Delta Sports Hall—for a printing mishap whereby duplicate poll cards with different serial numbers had been mistakenly printed and sent to voters.^[27] ELD also announced that about 200 voters would be excluded from the voting list, citing scanning issues on some NRIC cards during the 2020 general election, that number later being increased to 1,093,^[28] and that 32,807 non-voters had since been reinstated onto the voter list when restorations began on 5 October 2020;^[29][30]

With the amendments to a bill of 8 March 2023, mobile polling stations were, for the first time, set up at 31 selected nursing homes to cater to the elderly. This was in response to an ageing electorate and travel restrictions, especially with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic occurring at the time of the 2020 elections, according to Education Minister and Minister-in-charge of the Public Service Chan Chun Sing.^[31][32] For this election, there would be 4,807 nursing home residents voting at these stations.^[33]

During the opening hours of Polling Day, there were technical issues with the e-registration system, leading to a buildup of queues at the various polling stations. The technical issues were resolved.^[34] When Parliament convened on 18 September, Chan addressed these issues to ensure a prevention of similar incidents in the future.^[35]

Under constitutionally-required compulsory voting, non-voters would be delisted from the Registers of Electors and, for the first time ever, were notified of such via mail and the SingPass app.^[36] The list of non-voters was complied and published on 9 November,^[37] with inspections and registrations for reinstating starting the day after.^[38]

Overseas voting

In 2023, an amendment to the Presidential Elections Act and Parliamentary Elections Act was tabled in Parliament; it enabled Singaporeans living abroad to vote by post in subsequent elections, giving them an additional option.^[39] This was the first election whereby Singaporean citizens abroad could exercise their voting rights by post. Prior to 2023, they may only vote in person at one of ten designated overseas polling stations, located in various places such as Australia (Canberra), China (three polling stations: Beijing, Hong Kong and Shanghai), Japan (Tokyo), the United Arab Emirates (Dubai), the United Kingdom (London), and the United States (three polling stations: New York City, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.).^[40] Expatriate citizens were also assigned a polling station in Singapore, where they could vote in person if they happened to be in Singapore on polling day.^[41]

On 23 August, ELD confirmed that 6,649 voters had been registered as overseas voters, with 3,432 doing postal voting and the rest being assigned to their respective overseas polling stations.^[42] During Polling Day, ELD advised overseas voters in Hong Kong to follow the latest safety updates about the approaching Typhoon Saola before heading outdoors to vote, but its voting station opened as usual.^[43][44] In Japan, another country with an overseas polling station, had reported its highest average temperature during the voting hours, amidst the ongoing heat wave.^[45]

Eligible

Declared ineligible

Publicly expressed interest

• Lee Hsien Yang – Lee spent most of his career in the private sector, including being the CEO of Singtel and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). A prominent member of the Lee family, he is the youngest son of founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and brother of current Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Lee is estranged from his brother over the 38 Oxley Road dispute and had previously endorsed the Progress Singapore Party in the 2020 Singaporean general election. During a telephone interview with Bloomberg in March 2023, Lee said, "There is a view that depending on who they [the People's Action Party] float, if I were to run they would be in serious trouble and could lose. A lot of people have come to me. They really want me to run. It's something I would consider." As of March 2023, both Lee and his wife, Lee Suet Fern, were in self-imposed exile in the United Kingdom after being under investigation for lying during judicial proceedings. Lee did not collect his application forms from the Elections Department.^[64][65]
• Seng Soon Kia – Seng is a 72-year-old former woodworking teacher who collected his application forms at the Elections Department office on 13 June 2023. In an interview conducted by the media following the collection of his application forms, he claimed to have fulfilled the requirements to run as president.^[66]
• Turritopsis Dohrnii Teo En Ming – Teo is a 45-year-old information technology consultant who collected his application forms at the Elections Department office on 27 June 2023; he announced his presidential bid on TikTok.^[67] He expressed his admiration for Sun Yat-sen and Ong Teng Cheong, the fifth President of Singapore, and stated that he wished to be a "President for all" like them.^[68]

Declined to be candidates

• Halimah Yacob – the eighth, and incumbent, president of Singapore, announced on 29 May 2023 that she would not be seeking re-election after "careful consideration".^[69]
• George Yeo – Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2004 to 2011 and Member of Parliament for Aljunied GRC from 1988 to 2004, ruled out a run for president after his defeat for a seat from Aljunied GRC during the 2011 general election.^[70][71] In 2022, he confirmed he would not run in the 2023 presidential election.^[72]

Tharman Shanmugaratnam

• Kishore Mahbubani, diplomat, former Singapore Permanent Representative to the United Nations^[73]
• Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore and Secretary-General of the People's Action Party (PAP)^{[lower-alpha 3]}
• Tommy Koh, diplomat, Singapore ambassador-at-large and former Permanent Representative to the United Nations^[75]

Ng Kok Song

• George Yeo, former cabinet minister and former chief of staff of the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF)^[76]

Tan Kin Lian

• Chee Soon Juan, perennial political candidate and secretary general of the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP)^{[lower-alpha 4]}
• Goh Meng Seng, founder and secretary general of the People's Power Party (PPP)^[9]
• Iris Koh, anti-vaccination activist^[78]
• Lim Tean, founder and secretary general of the Peoples Voice (PV)^[79]
• Tan Cheng Bock, former presidential candidate in 2011 and founder of the Progress Singapore Party (PSP)^[80]
• Tan Jee Say, former presidential candidate, in 2011, and former secretary general of the now-defunct Singaporeans First (SingFirst) party^[80]

Table of significant events

All dates are according to Singapore Standard Time (SST), which is UTC+08:00.

Candidate participation timeline

Timelines of candidate announcements and, if applicable, withdrawals are as follows:

Candidates' symbols and slogans

Following the nominations, the three candidates unveiled their symbols and their slogans, as follows:^[97]

According to an interview during his campaign, Tharman also considered a durian as his alternate symbol, but eventually went with a pineapple, as it represents prosperity, and also referenced his prior ministerial roles.^[98]

Team of Assenters

22–25 August

The candidates gave acceptance speeches on Nomination Day.^[104] Ng Kok Song was the first to deliver his speech. He stated that he had never been part of a political party before, and vowed that, if elected, he would protect "three treasures": past reserves, public services, and social stability.^[105] Tharman Shanmugaratnam was the second to speak, pledging to have a "fair, dignified and honourable contest", and promised a campaign that "unites Singaporeans and not divide us".^[106] Tan Kin Lian was the last to give his speech, and emphasised the need to vote for a president "truly independent" of the government.^[107] Tan also claimed that he was the target of a "smear campaign" before the nomination, with regard to his social media posts.^[108] However, he later did apologise to those who felt "uncomfortable" with his posts.^[109]

Campaign posters were placed immediately following the nominations, with Tharman's posters being put up first, followed by Tan's shortly after. Only Ng abstained from doing so, citing "limited resources" and environmental concerns – instead, he announced that he would rely on social media to spread his campaign message.^[110]

Ng began his campaigning by visiting his former residence at Kangkar (now Sengkang and located in Upper Serangoon) where he bowed down and kissed the ground,^[111] referencing his childhood and proving that young Singaporeans can be successful regardless of background.^[112] Ng also visited several sites at Hougang—such as the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Montfort School, and Kangkar Mall—to distribute pamphlets. On the second day, Ng warned the media that the relationship between the president and the prime minister should not be "too close", as it would then be difficult for the president to discharge their duties objectively. He added that he would schedule an online rally.^[113]

On 25 August, Tharman hosted an indoor rally at 24OWLS, which is located within Pasir Panjang Power Station.^[114]

25–30 August

On the night of 27 August, Tan Kin Lian cancelled the remainder of his walkabouts and interviews, without giving a reason for doing so.^[115] On 28 August, several opposition candidates and political analysts began to query Tan's being an "independent candidate" after seeing that he had received support from Tan Cheng Bock and Tan Jee Say on several media outlets, along with a sticker containing a memetic tagline "One Vote, Three presidents?".^[116] The sticker was removed as of 30 August, due to its being a violation of the campaigning guidelines under the Presidential Election Act 1991, according to ELD and Tan's team, whose principal election agent, Prabu Ramachandran, verified that the sticker was created anonymously and without authorization; unauthorized publication of physical advertising is an offence under the act.^[117]

On 28 August, in light of Tan Cheng Bock's endorsement of Tan, Ng Kok Song questioned Tan's political independence. Ng stated that it was questionable for Tan to claim to be an independent candidate when he has been dependent on opposition party leaders, additionally accusing Tan of "making a mockery of the presidency" and that "political parties should wait for the next general election to make their point instead of confusing voters into thinking that this is a general election".^[118] Ng also concluded that such blatant political endorsements of Tan polarise voters by politicising the presidential election and that by doing so have "dishonoured the office of the President as a unifying non-partisan position."^[119]

On 29 August, the Progress Singapore Party (PSP) responded that they had "denied any claims" and insisted that they would "neither endorse nor support any candidates" even when party volunteers received an email to register as counting agents for Tan,^[120] whose endorsements can negatively influence the party, according to their central executive committee (CEC) members.^[121] On the same day, Ng reiterated the meaning of non-partisan to the media during his walkabout at Marine Parade, that Singaporeans do not want a president "who's manipulated by either the governing party or by the opposition parties", in their response to Tan's endorsements.^[122] Tharman Shanmugaratnam responded on media during a walkabout at Sengkang that he found it "absurd" and concerning that his rivals are "increasingly sweeping statements" pertaining to being non-partisan, to which Ng replied that he was "misquoted". Tharman urged the voters to take this seriously and felt "very unfortunate" when voters spoil their votes in response to politicisation.^[123]

Later that evening, a police report was lodged against a man on a bicycle who disrupted and heckled Ng and his team while Ng conducted his walkabout at Clementi. The man had attempted to ram people with his bicycle, launched into an expletive-laden rant, and then repeatedly shouted Tan's name before he left the scene. Nobody was hurt during the incident, and Ng encouraged people to "behave in a respectful manner".^[124] The man surrendered himself to the police the next day, claiming that he had posed a danger to himself with intentions to self-harm. He was sent to the Institute of Mental Health (IMH). Subsequently, security for Ng and his team was enhanced, while the video went viral.^[125] Elsewhere, Tan's seconder Lim Tean adjourned his court trial on charges of acting as an advocate or solicitor in an unauthorized manner in 2021, which was initially scheduled for 29 August, after he dismissed his lawyer citing "fundamental disagreements", and to avoid conflicts with the election. District Judge Ong Hian Sun told Lim to find a new lawyer by the next day or represent himself in the trial.^[126][127] On the same day, activist and lawyer M Ravi filed a separate lawsuit with the Supreme Court, in an attempt to disqualify Tharman from the candidacy, citing a breach in the constitution's Article 19 due to Tharman's conviction under the Official Secrets Act.^[128] Ravi revealed the following day that the Court dismissed the application and ordered Ravi to pay costs of S$6,000.^[129]

On 30 August, the leading opposition party, the Workers' Party (WP), reiterated its objection to the elected presidency in favour of a return to a ceremonial presidency – where the president is appointed by Parliament – and stated that it would not endorse any candidate in the presidential election.^[130] The party added that the qualifying criteria for presidential candidates is "skewed towards People's Action Party (PAP)–approved candidates", and the "elected presidency in its current form undermines parliamentary democracy".^[131] Meanwhile, screenshots depicting the Reserves & Investment (R&I) Directorate list of employees showing Akilan Shanmugaratnam, the son of Tharman, working as a Finance Ministry officer since June 2022, went viral on social media. In response to the possibility of a conflict of interest, if Tharman wins the presidency, the Ministry of Finance and Public Service Commission Secretariat simultaneously commented that there was "no conflict of interest between Tharman's candidacy in the presidential elections and his son Akilan", and that their decision to rotate his post back in July was to "preempt any possible such conflicts".^[132]

The candidates wrapped up their campaigns^[133] on the last day prior to the cooling-off day, with Ng and Tan respectively visiting Sengkang and Hougang, with Ng visiting the sub-region of Lorong Ah Soo and the Foo Hai Ch'an Monastery before ending at Kopitiam Square in Sengkang,^[134] while Tan was at Hougang Central.^[135] Tharman visited Marine Parade, including the Marine Parade Central Market and Food Centre.^[136]

Television broadcasts

Times are Singapore Standard Time (SST), which is UTC+08:00.

Social media

All social media events and campaigning occurred in 2023, unless otherwise stated, and are listed in chronological order.

Campaign expenditures

On 20 October, the presidential candidates' expenditure reports were published by the Elections Department. According to the reports, Tharman had spent S$738,717, Ng S$312,131, and Tan S$71,366.^[164][165] By comparison, in the previous presidential election in 2017, which was not contested, sole candidate Yacob had reported spending S$220,875.^[166]

Tharman also reported the receipt of about S$800,000 in donations from eight different donors, and stated in his expenditure report that the unspent amounts would be returned to their respective donors. Tan received donations amounting to about S$41,800 from about 120 donors, and reported that Tan Cheng Bock and Chee Soon Juan were not amongst his donors. Ng financed his campaign using his own personal funds and therefore did not report having received any donations.^[167][168]

Cooling-off day controversy

On 2 October, the Elections Department reported that they had filed police reports on both M Ravi and Iris Koh, the founders of anti-vaccination activist group Healing the Divide, for repeatedly publishing online election advertising on TikTok and Facebook during both the cooling-off period and Polling Day, when campaigning and advertising are strictly prohibited. According to media reports, Koh had also accused journalists of bias whilst at Tan's residence after polls closed. The assistant Returning Officer of the Elections Department issued correction requests to TikTok and Meta, and all the relevant videos posted by them were removed.^[169]

Domestic

On 2 September 2023, shortly after the announcement of the election results, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong congratulated Tharman Shanmugaratnam on his election, citing confidence in Tharman's ability to carry out his new duties as president "with distinction" and intention to work closely with the government. Lee also thanked the two losing candidates for their participation, the election officials for their hard work, and overseas voters for fulfilling their civic duty. Now that the election was over, Lee urged Singapore to "tackle the challenges ahead and build a stronger and more united nation".^[186] Deputy Prime Ministers Lawrence Wong^[187] and Heng Swee Keat also congratulated Tharman in separate posts, so did Lee's wife, Ho Ching,^[188] and his younger brother Hsien Yang.^[189]

The other candidates separately congratulated Tharman. Ng Kok Song, on his media at one-north, said that he had achieved the "No. 1 goal" of allowing Singaporeans an opportunity to vote, which was his main objective while standing for the presidency. He further thanked Singaporeans for their recognition and pledged that he would continue to work with them, and also added that "non-partisanship will now enter the vocabulary of governance in Singapore".^[190] At his residence in Yio Chu Kang, Tan Kin Lian announced that he would, on his family's advice, "take things easy", and thanked his supporters and the opposition figures who were present for their support. He would continue to reflect on his election bid and voice policy concerns.^[191]

Opposition figures also sent congratulatory messages to Tharman; Workers' Party secretary-general Pritam Singh wrote on Facebook that changes were necessary, and his party would continue to push for such, adding that the elected presidency was "well-known". He also revealed that he had worn his blue-collared shirt during Polling Day to mark the occasion.^[192] Former presidential candidate and Progress Singapore Party (PSP) founder Tan Cheng Bock also congratulated Tharman in a Facebook post a day later, saying that Thurman's campaign was "well-organised and dignified" and saying that Tharman "is the people's choice".^[193] Current PSP Secretary-general, Leong Mun Wai, also congratulated Thurman and said that the election was a "testimony to the fact that Singaporean voters do not vote along racial lines". He also said that a 'race-based' Group Representation Constituency system is "no longer relevant".^[194] Singapore Democratic Party's Secretary-general Chee Soon Juan posted on Instagram to congratulate Tharman, hoping that Thurman would discharge his duties "faithfully, both in spirit and letter".^{[195][non-primary source needed][196]} Red Dot United's secretary-general Ravi Philemon also congratulated Tharman, citing their team's dignified contest during the 2020 election.^[197]

Several other labour unions also sent congratulatory messages to Tharman: Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry chairman and former Nominated Member of Parliament Neil Parekh wrote that the community has benefitted much from Thurman's good counsel, and would invite him as a guest-of-honour for the chamber's centenary celebrations in 2024.^[198]

In the early morning, the Taman Jurong Market and Food Centre was crowded in celebration of Tharman's election, with his supporters bringing out pineapples, chanting Ong lai huat ah (lit. Good Fortune), and singing the national anthem, "Majulah Singapura". Tharman visited several sites, such as Marsiling Mall (with Senior Minister of State and Marsiling's MP Zaqy Mohamad), then Our Tampines Hub, and HDB Hub, to thank supporters.^[199] In a prior interview before results were announced, Tharman was "humbled" by how Singaporeans had trusted him for many years and called the election a "vote of optimism for a future". He also praised his rivals for having "put full effort and energy into their campaigns", and respected the voters who did not vote for him, thanking them for "following the issues closely".^[200][201] Furthermore, he said that he had not been expecting a "high degree of endorsement" but told that there was a fair number of people who normally were against PAP but who knew this was a presidential election and not a political or general election. He took notice of the generational transition and hoped that his presidency would keep it a respectful one.^[202] On 6 September, Jurong GRC residents voiced concerns to Red Dot United, including those relating to the high cost of living, inflation, and the GST increasing to 9% by year's end.^[197]

In the food and beverage sector, several bakeries and island-wide food chains reported a boost in sales of pineapple-related food products, upon Tharman's election.^[203] The lottery game 4D revealed that the three numbers 1388, 1572, and 7040, which were the respective polling percentages, sold out quickly, within five minutes after the results were announced.^[204] However, none of the numbers showed up on either draw that weekend.^[205][206] Shortly after the polls closed, another viral video of a toddler repeatedly exclaiming Tharman's name over Ng's had surfaced on TikTok.^{[207][non-primary source needed]} The toddler's father and the uploader, Faisal Marican, thanked netizens for the video responses and informed them that The Istana had sent an invitation to the toddler.^[208] In the education sector, in response to the issuance of Writ of Election earlier, the Ministry of Education (MOE) announced that they would reschedule its Teacher's Day celebrations, from the original date of 1 September to 11 September, and reschedule its GCE 'N' Level examinations, from the original date of 11 September to 12 and 20 September.^[209]

International

•  Belarus: President Alexander Lukashenko congratulated Tharman, expressing confidence that Tharman would succeed in improving the well-being of citizens and stimulating economic growth and its relationship between the two countries.^[210]
•  Canada: The Canadian High Commission congratulated Tharman for his victory, and thanked outgoing President Halimah Yacob for her contributions to the relationship between Canada and Singapore.^[211]
•  China: President Xi Jinping called to congratulate Tharman via phone call, according to Xinhua News Agency, and added that he would continue to work with him to improve their relationship.^[212]
•  European Union: Ambassador to Singapore Iwona Piórko congratulated Tharman and said that the EU and Singapore have a deepening partnership that contributes effectiveness to addressing global and regional challenges.^[211]
•  India: Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated Tharman and posted on Twitter that he will be looking forward to working closely on bilateral ties and its India–Singapore Strategic Partnership.^[213]
•  Italy: Ambassador-designate to Singapore Dante Brandi posted on the Ambasciata d'Italia a Singapore's Instagram page a picture of his appearance at the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors 2021 meeting as a commemoration of his win.^[211]
•  Malaysia:
  • Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim sent congratulatory messages to Tharman who "conjured Singapore's presidency", and stated his desire for an underlying bond of "family spirit" between the neighbouring nations.^[214]
  • Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA) founder and former minister Syed Saddiq also congratulated Tharman, saying that his victory truly united Singaporeans, transcending race, religion and politics, and reminded that it was an "unbreakable bond of family".^[215]
•  Saudi Arabia: King Salman and his Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman both congratulated Tharman and gave wishes for "success" and "further progress and prosperity."^[216]
•  Taiwan: Outgoing President Tsai Ing-wen offered her congratulations to Tharman in a press release, accompanied by a congratulatory letter expressing her hope of furthering bilateral ties. Tsai also said that "Taiwan attaches great importance to its relations with Singapore", and looks forward for him to seek bilateral cooperation with Taiwan.^[217]
•  Ukraine: Ambassador to Singapore Kateryna Zelenko congratulated Tharman, and said that "We look forward to further good cooperation and friendship" between Singapore and Ukraine.^[211]
•  United Arab Emirates: President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Vice President and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and Deputy Prime Minister Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan congratulated Tharman's victory through cabling.^[218]
•  United Kingdom:
  • King Charles III congratulated Tharman on his inauguration via Twitter, saying that "Singapore is a strategic partner" and would look forward to work with him to continue their relationship.^[212]
  • Wolfson College's president Jane Clarke congratulated Tharman, an alumnus of the college. Clarke told she met him earlier that year and praised his mention of "fondness for Wolfson and his commitment to our shared vision of opportunity for all".^[219]
•  United States: United States Department of State spokesman Matthew Miller congratulated Tharman, and stated that the department would be looking forward to working with him in further strengthening the relationship between Singapore and the United States. He also thanked outgoing President Halimah Yacob for her contributions.^[220]
•  Vietnam: President Võ Văn Thưởng mailed a letter congratulating Tharman on his inauguration on 14 September.^[221]

Pre-Nomination Day

On 14 August TODAY interviewed 15 first-time presidential election voters, with ages ranging from 21 to 33, on their knowledge of the elected presidency. Their responses ranged from a few who indicated little knowledge or interest in politics to a handful who understood the topic well.^[222]

The following day, TODAY and CNA conducted a survey of 1,500 first-time voters, where the vast majority of them understood most of the presidential roles. The roles of being a symbolic figure and a diplomat were identified by about 95% of them, followed by at 91% knowing about the requirements of caring for the community and consulting with the Council of Presidential Advisors, with 88.4% understanding that the president is required to safeguard asset reserves. Only 36.1% knew that the president does not take orders from Parliament.^[223]

TODAY and CNA conducted another survey about the relationship between Parliament and the President, where some knew that the elected president generally takes instructions from the Cabinet. Analysts revealed that most first-time voters having a poor understanding of the election may imply that they have little to no interest in politics. Former Member of Parliament Inderjit Singh hinted that these first-timers may be "swayed by populist manifestos of some candidates without having the opportunity to verify facts". Kantar Public analyst Leong Chan-Hoong noted significant changes with educated Singaporeans in mind, and that the young voters may not be apparent to such a demographic.^[223]

On Nomination Day

When candidates were confirmed on 18 August, many political analysts predicted that Tharman Shanmugaratnam would win and cited the slate of candidates being "very different" with candidates being from two racial groups. Institute of Policy Studies Senior Researcher Gillian Koh suggested that the voters would find it difficult to resist Tharman's "unparalleled international standing". Associate Professor of law at Singapore Management University Eugene Tan predicted that people would "assume his victory is a foregone conclusion" but that should not be taken for granted. Tan thought it praiseworthy that the three candidates had experience in making strategic decisions with regard to the management of large funds, as well as having fine reputations.^[224]

Analysts had differing views regarding George Goh's ineligibility to run for the presidency. Mustafa Izzuddin, a senior international affairs analyst at Solaris Strategies Singapore, was surprised that Goh was ineligible. To him, Goh could bring something unique to the table, due to his private sector experience. It would give voters an additional choice. Eugene Tan agreed with Goh being ineligible, highlighting the difference in calculating the required shareholder equity of S$500 million on the basis of one, versus many, companies. To him, one S$500 million company is different from running five hundred S$1 million companies. Therefore, he felt that the Presidential Elections Committee's decision was understandable.^[224]

During campaigning period

On 27 August, National University of Singapore (NUS) Sociologist Ern Ser Tan noted on LinkedIn that there was an "undercurrent" with the election turning on maintaining the current political order versus seeking regime change, with the likelihood of political transformation. He added that, with Tan Kin Lian's involvement with Tan Cheng Bock and Tan Jee Say, the election has become clearly defined by the differences between the political orders of the ruling government and the opposition.^[225] NUS Arts and Social Science Lecturer Rebecca Grace Tan was reported to have referred the term 'Independent' to that of the People's Action Party, and that Tharman's decisive win wasn't decisive in signifying that non-partisanship was the primary deciding factor for many voters. Tan's opposition support sowed further doubts about the advantages of being non-partisan.^[226]

In light of the "One vote, Three presidents?" slogan which surfaced on 28 August, political observers began to query Tan Kin Lian about the assertion that he is an "independent candidate". Eugene Tan commented that "It effectively asserts that if Tan (Kin Lian) wins, he will attempt to transform the presidency into a partisan institution" and further stated that a non-partisan president "must be above the political fray". Eugene Tan believed that party endorsements or endorsements by politicians can make the president beholden to the opposition politicians and ruin the presidency.^[227]

School of Social Sciences, at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Assistant Professor Walid Jumblatt Abdullah's analysis suggests that Tan Kin Lian was attempting to position himself as the "ultimate anti-establishment candidate". Felix Tan, another lecturer at NTU, said that voting for Tan would suggest voting for opposition, which belies being non-partisan,^[227] and that Tan's smear campaigning brought doubt on his being worthy of standing as a candidate.^[228] He also stressed that the relationship between general and presidential elections is "conflated" and that can affect democracy.^[229]

In a radio interview on MONEY FM 89.3, on "Breakfast with Lynlee Foo and Ryan Huang" on 30 August, Eugene Tan praised the widespread use of social media to communicate in the election.^[230]

After the release of election results

When the sample counts were released on 2 September, political analysts suggested that Tharman's personal charisma and past track record and experience, including his constituency of Jurong GRC being the best-performing constituency for two consecutive elections in 2015 and 2020, may have attributed to a landslide victory, as opposed to Ng's lack of public exposure and Tan's previous controversies, which to Eugene Tan, cited in the CNA Polling Day results special, was a "mind-boggling" result. Eugene Tan also highlighted Tan's relationship with opposition parties, stating that Tan had "too [many] oppositional forces [involved in] his candidacy". In addition, Tan's campaign had a misconception of what the president did as well as expressing views that were perceived as "misogynist, racist, [and] even nativist", which a majority of Singaporeans overwhelmingly rejected.^[231]

Eugene Tan also noted that the slight decline in turnout and an increase in spoilt votes meant that the election "generally [did] not make much of a difference" and was an effort at a "protest vote". He added that "the drop would be rather significant as this would signal that there might still be those who have some concerns with how the Presidential Election was run". During the 2011 presidential election, turnout was 94.80% (of which 1.79% or 37,849 votes were rejected), while during the 2023 presidential election, turnout was 93.41% (of which 1.98% or 50,152 votes were rejected).^[231][191]

The reactions of other political analysts to the election results varied, such as NTU political analyst Dr Felix Tan saying that it was "rather unexpected and it's quite a surprise", and emphasising that "establishment versus anti-establishment" might have attributed to the anticlimactic result; and NUS Associate Professor Chong Ja Ian criticising the result, stating that what Tharman had was a huge advantage against "two weak opponents" and feeling that the result was to elect "strong candidates like everyone else". Chong highlighted the short campaigning period of just nine days, as well as Tan's "negative spillover effect" onto opposition supporters, as contributing to both Tan's and Ng's respective decisive defeats.^[231]

Following the election, Gillian Koh thought that the landslide was the result of the "Tharman effect", a term which was coined during the 45th St. Gallen Symposium, in 2015, where Tharman was one of the participants.^[232] Tharman's campaign was acclaimed by several analysts. Eugene Tan pointed out that Tharman's slogan, "race is never absent, but it is not the only factor", would be seen as signifying an evolution of the nation, praised the voters for voting for the merits of his personal qualities and track record, and praised the PAP government for promoting "multiracial meritocracy". In another interview, on the Mothership website, Eugene Tan said that "Singaporean voters are sophisticated" and that they have treated the presidential election as it is and not as "a proxy general election or a referendum on the People's Action Party (PAP)". In answer to a question on how the result will be an indication of the next Singaporean general election, he warned that the PAP should not treat this result as the "ground being sweet", reminding that parliamentary elections are different, as they are elections between parties rather than individuals.^[233][234]

Leong Chan-Hoong also praised Singaporeans over the results, agreeing that they have voted "about trust of the candidate", over certain doubts and past issues pertaining to the scandals and resignations from the PAP government prior to the election.^[235] However, Ng's mention of the "ownself check ownself system" which had been borrowed from opposition parties – specifically from Pritam Singh of the Workers' Party (WP) who first coined the term back in 2011 – also raised concerns, citing that it was "very difficult for someone to set up the system to question the system". Analysts implied that voters should also understand the importance of the authority of the president, in addition to the "bread-and-butter issues".^[236]

Singapore Management University visiting professor Lee Kong Chian, and former Nominated Member of Parliament and Legal Adviser to the President and Council of Presidential Advisers Walter Woon said that, in an election like this, the first-past-the-post system only really works when there are two contenders, and that no-contest elections are bad; but that having too many contenders could also be undesirable.^[237] He also said that party politics are inevitable, but they are not necessarily decisive. He added that pundits who could predict the trend of Tharman's clear mandate should "take nothing for granted", and that the victory was an unusual one for a multi-candidate contest, which hints at the possibility that there is another establishment candidate who will be able to repeat this feat against a more formidable opponent in future presidential elections.^[238]

According to journalists at the The Straits Times (ST), in a podcast on 4 September, a "contextualized" traditional campaigning is still effective and voters must be prepared to adapt to such scenarios. In another podcast, with ST's multimedia correspondent Hairianto Diman and deputy news editor Grace Ho, it was pointed out that the election would be seen as determining who would represent in a global-level and the generational changes ahead for the government.^[239]

In commentary published on CNA's website, former newspaper editor Han Fook Kwang wrote that the election results are politically significant, as the large margin of victory Tharman enjoyed undermines a claim previously made by members of the Singaporean government that older Singaporeans are not ready to accept a non-Chinese as prime minister.^[7] The results were also seen as undermining an argument for a PAP race-related policy that culminated in the enactment of the hiatus-triggered model for presidential elections (in the case for 2017), where candidacies in certain presidential elections are reserved for people of certain minority races.^[1]

In an article posted on Mothership, editor Sulaiman Daud commented that Tharman's high probability of winning did not make this election "a charade",^[240] but cited Tharman's slogans of "hard carry" and "October Surprise" as contributing to his decisive win. Daud also weighed other factors, such as the competition between the other two rivals, or what Singaporeans want in its next President.^[241] Another editor, Tan Min-Wei, also praised the contests and how the election went smoothly, citing a quote from a 1999 American political drama The West Wing that "decisions are made by those who show up".^[242] Republic Polytechnic chairman and chief executive officer of Economic Development Innovations Abel Ang said that people like Tharman believed that people lacking common experiences are "unhealthy for Singapore", and that the life of the haves is increasingly looking different from those who have-not. He also referenced a Sesame Street song "The People In Your Neighborhood", one of his favourite songs, as encouraging unity.^[243]