Base

The first story, slightly depressed beneath sidewalk level, contains a rusticated-stone facade and three round-arched openings. The northernmost opening, on the left of the Beekman Place facade, contains an entrance doorway and is wider than the other two openings. The doorway is accessible by a set of steps descending from the sidewalk. The keystone above the doorway contains a lamp made of metal and glass, which in turn has decorative reliefs on either side of it. The entrance contains an arch, wood-paneled door designed in the Adamesque style, along with an arched transom surrounding the door. In front of the first story on Beekman Place, there are four columns surrounding a black-painted metal awning. The wall also has a plaque next to the door, as well as a camera next to the rightmost window.^[7]

On the west facade, there are three windows on each of the second through fifth stories. The windows on the second story consist of nine-over-nine windows, and the bottom portion of each window is covered by a short decorative metal railing. The third through fifth stories have double-hung windows with sills beneath them. Above each of the third-story windows are large keystones, which extend upward to a scalloped cornice running just beneath the fourth floor. The center window in each of the third through fifth stories has an air-conditioning unit underneath it.^[7] On the east facade of the first through fifth stories, there are balconies extending the full width of the house, overlooking the FDR Drive. The eastern part of the south facade at the fourth and fifth stories is visible from the southeast, with small rectangular windows on these stories.^[11]

Penthouse

The penthouse, on the sixth through ninth stories, consists of metal panels and steel I-beams, as well as concrete-panel walls.^[7] Along the west side of the house, the penthouse cantilevers about 5 feet (1.5 m) over Beekman Place.^[12] The bottom of the cantilever has a grate on the left (north) and an empty opening on the right (south). The north and south walls of the cantilever have several concrete panels each while the west wall has one large concrete panel.^[7] The cantilever's roof contains a terrace on the south side and a staircase between the seventh and eighth floors on the north side.^[13] The cantilever was meant to provide extra space for the guest room, as well as for the terrace staircase, but it also served to increase privacy for the top floors. The cantilever was unusual for the largely residential area around it, although Rudolph had often included cantilevers in his previous work.^[10] As he had written in 1954, Rudolph disliked the "tyranny of the endless streets" and wished for some designs to overhang the street to create an aesthetic point of interest.^[10][14]

The rear of the penthouse contains full-width balconies facing the FDR Drive, similar to those at the base. The eastern end of the sixth floor's south wall contains a small rectangular window, visible from the southeast, while the eastern end of the seventh floor's south wall contains a wide rectangular window separated by vertical mullions and glass panes. The eastern end of the penthouse's northern facade is partially visible and consists of a steel frame.^[11] The cantilevers of the penthouse were meant to resemble a "floating platform" overlooking the East River.^[15] The penthouse has five levels of terraces, which Rudolph hung with plants and other greenery to blunt the effect of the steel frame. According to one of his associates, Rudolph initially struggled to create a satisfactory arrangement of vegetation, but the plants were "full and abundant" before he died.^[16]

The penthouse includes one terrace with a metal-grating floor overhanging the street several stories below, in what Progressive Architecture magazine called "a gantry from nowhere".^[15][17] William Grindereng, who once stayed in Rudolph's apartment while the latter was on a trip, found the views to be "really scary".^[18] According to Grindereng, "I mentioned this to Rudolph when he came back. He said, 'Yes, I’m afraid to go out there myself.'"^[18][19]

Initial work

Paul Rudolph leased the fourth-floor apartment from Marsciano in 1961,^[12] and he began making modifications to the apartment soon afterward.^[17] At the time, he was still living in New Haven, Connecticut, serving as department head at the Yale School of Architecture.^[46][52] He initially may have used the apartment as a workplace or weekend residence before making it his main residence in 1965.^[46] Rudolph also designed and opened his first Manhattan office at 26 West 58th Street around the same time.^[46][53] Rudolph's initial changes to his Beekman Place apartment were meant to maximize use of the relatively small space, as his unit only covered 800 square feet (74 m²).^[15][20][21]

His first series of renovations was completed by 1967, when he was still largely based in New Haven.^[17][20] With the completion of Rudolph's first renovation, Barbara Plumb wrote that the "one-bedroom apartment may be small, but its influence is likely to be huge" because of Rudolph's residence there.^[12][22] Rudolph ultimately remained at 23 Beekman Place for the rest of his life.^[52] Rudolph opened an office at 54 West 57th Street after his 58th Street office was demolished in 1968 to make way for the Solow Building.^[54] It was at the 57th Street office that Rudolph planned further alterations to the Beekman Place townhouse.^[46] Rudolph continued to modify the designs, being not completely satisfied by them.^[36] By 1975, architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern said Rudolph's apartment had become "a remarkable composition of floating townhouses and mirrored units".^[55] Rudolph wrote in 1978 that his first design of the interior was conceptual, being "never more than a series of sketches, or studies, for other projects".^[12][21]

Further renovations

Amid a weak real estate market in Manhattan,^[12] Rudolph bought 23 Beekman Place in October 1976^[56] for $300,000.^[12] Afterward, Rudolph filed plans for an alteration, projected to cost $120,000. The New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) rejected his plans in July 1976. The areas of the second to fourth stories would increase by 25 percent, more than what was allowed by zoning regulations. In February 1977, the proposal was presented to the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals (BSA), which had authority to override legislative limits. Following the hearing, the BSA approved the plans, and the Department of Buildings granted a permit in June 1977.^[12] Donald Luckenbill, an architect at Rudolph's firm, designed the renovations,^[24] while Marco Martelli was the general contractor and Vincent J. DeSimone was the structural engineer.^[12]

The renovation involved destroying the rear wall and installing a new facade of steel and glass, which extended up to 17.5 feet (5.3 m) past the previous lot line. A new penthouse was constructed and designed to support a number of terraces and annexes. Rudolph had proposed a rooftop swimming pool, as well as some rooms without windows, but the DOB and BSA rejected those ideas. The contractors first repaired standing brick walls that had been deemed unsafe. After that, the penthouse was constructed starting in late 1977 and continued through the following year. Almost all of the interior work for the rentable apartments was finished by the end of 1978, and all the necessary materials for the penthouse were lifted to the fifth floor.^[12] During 1979 and 1980, the DOB issued interim certificates of occupancy, with the permanent certificate of occupancy being issued in January 1982. Following the renovations, the building had five residential units: four at the base as well as a penthouse unit.^[34] Rudolph continued to modify the interiors for the rest of his life.^[9][24][31] Some writers attributed the penthouse as having been completed at a later date, such as Michael Sorkin, who cited the work as being finished in 1988.^[9][57]

When the penthouse was completed, many of Rudolph's neighbors disapproved of the additions.^[55][58] One neighbor compared the penthouse to "assault as in rape", and others worried that their views of the East River would be blocked.^[58] Of the neighbors' complaints, architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote that Beekman Place's buildings were designed in a variety of styles, which he said the neighbors had not kept in mind.^[59][60] Architectural reception of the house was mixed.^[55] Goldberger, writing for The New York Times in 1979, described the house as indicative of "both Mr. Rudolph's strengths and weaknesses", praising the aesthetic arrangement but writing that it conflicted with the design of the surrounding buildings.^[55][61] In the same newspaper in 1997, Joseph Giovannini called the house "the best thing that could have happened to the rather pickled enclave".^[29] Sorkin, writing for House & Garden in 1989, called it "easily one of the most amazing pieces of modern urban domestic architecture" created in the United States.^[9][55][57]

Rudolph continued to work and live at 23 Beekman Place until his death in 1997.^[62][63] Before he died, Rudolph had been discussing the possibility of having a nonprofit organization take over the building and maintain his interior features, but he had been unable to do so.^[17] Consequently, the house was placed on sale for $6.25 million, and property agent Sotheby's placed advertisements in Southeast Asia, where Rudolph had been active at the end of his life. The profit from the sale was to be donated to the Library of Congress, which had almost 1,500 renderings for the house. In the meantime, the vacant space was used for fashion shoots. By late 1998, the asking price had been reduced to $5.65 million.^[24] Critics and preservationists raised concerns that the house might be demolished.^[55] At the time, since the house was not designated as a city landmark, a buyer could theoretically perform any alterations to the interior.^[24] Sotheby's received "six or eight" offers, many of whom reneged upon learning of the costs of restoration.^[64] Among those interested in buying the house were Joseph Holtzman, editor of Nest magazine.^[65]

Boyd ownership

Rudolph's estate sold the house in May 2000 for $5.5 million^[66] to Gabrielle and Michael Boyd, architectural historians from California who moved into the space with their two young sons.^[33][64][67] The Boyd family expressed appreciation for Rudolph's work and promised to restore the interior to match his intent as closely as possible.^[27][64] The next year, the Boyds renovated the building to convert the apartments into a single-family unit.^[7][27][68] The three duplex units, which Rudolph had less extensively changed compared to the penthouse,^[36] were combined into the Boyd family residence.^[68]

The renovation was performed in conjunction with Thomas Stephens. The Boyd family covered the translucent bathtubs and sinks, added a wall, and removed the small elevator to the penthouse. The Boyds wanted to buy Rudolph's furniture from his estate, which had reneged and sold the furniture off.^[26][27] As a result, the family brought various pieces of furniture from different architects and artists. They also installed their art collection throughout the house.^[68] The Boyds partially modified the staircases with frosted-acrylic railings and removed chromed laminate strips from the beams and columns.^[69] The fourth story was converted into a playroom. One duplex unit was used for the Boyds' library, another duplex became a seating area, and a third unit with high ceilings became a recording studio. The renovations were largely conducted closely to Rudolph's design ideal, and details such as the white kitchen shelves were preserved.^[68]

The neighboring property to the south, at 21 Beekman Place, was purchased by Florida businessman William R. Rupp in June 2001. Soon afterward, Michael Boyd became involved in a dispute with Rupp, initially over the need for the Boyds to dismantle an air conditioner outside number 23 for construction at number 21. Rupp erected a brick wall between 21 and 23 Beekman Place in August 2001, blocking some windows on the third through fifth stories, prompting the Boyds to file a complaint with the city government.^[70] By November 2001, the Boyds had placed the building on sale for $10.5 million, with plans to move back to California.^[71] The dispute with Rupp meanwhile became acrimonious; Michael Boyd recalled that his wife sprayed water onto Rupp's workers, prompting Rupp to call the police and accuse them of throwing bricks. Michael Boyd also claimed that Rupp was throwing dog feces into his family's backyard, which Douglas Elliman executive Jan Hashey corroborated when she was selling the house for the Boyds.^[70]

Ruppert LLC ownership

In January 2003, videoconferencing executive Steven Campus bought the house for $6.3 million.^[70] According to New York City Department of Finance records, the deed was officially conveyed to an entity named Ruppert LLC.^{[72][lower-alpha 2]} Campus began planning a renovation of the house to convert the penthouse unit into a usable space and preserving some of its design features. This work necessitated replacing rusted steel and remedying water damage, which involved going through Rupp's house.^[70] Architects Andrew Bernheimer and Jared Della Valle were commissioned to renovate the penthouse apartment.^[6][7][69] The renovation was completed in 2006.^[6][69] The renovations to the interior were controversial, with some critics speaking against the alterations.^[74] Conversely, some of the renovations were for practical purposes, such as the air-conditioning and the sprinkler system. Della Valle and Bernheimer received awards for their work on the apartment and, in a New York magazine article in 2006, referred to the apartment as a "laboratory for its designer".^[6]

The renovations had also encountered problems over the continuing dispute with Rupp. Campus alleged that in 2003, Rupp had repeatedly refused to allow the workers to access the property, then scared the workers away with his dog, and finally extended the brick wall until it reached the roof of the penthouse. This prompted Campus to file a lawsuit in the New York Supreme Court in December 2004, alleging that the wall was not only attached to his property in an structurally unsafe manner, but also existed only to block Campus's view.^[70] Though the DOB fined Rupp,^[59] the wall persisted for several more years.^[75] The court ruled in favor of Rupp in April 2007, but Rupp died shortly afterward, just as Campus was appealing the decision. The Rupp estate placed number 21 for sale and filed plans in June 2008 to disassemble the wall adjoining number 23, which the DOB approved that October.^[76] The wall between number 21 and number 23 was subsequently disassembled in 2009.^[59][75]

The LPC voted to designate the building at 23 Beekman Place as a city landmark on November 16, 2010.^[74][77] The LPC's decision to designate the house as a landmark was largely influenced by Rudolph's additions to the structure.^[74] The house was placed for sale at $27.5 million in 2012.^[73][78] At the time, all four units were occupied, but their leases were scheduled to expire the next year.^[73] The following year, the asking price was decreased to $22.5 million, even as a lease was signed for the penthouse unit. The three other units were occupied at that time.^[78] The building was again placed for sale in April 2017 for $19.5 million, and its penthouse became available for lease that August for $14,500 a month.^[35] The owner advertised the house for sale yet again in 2019 for $18.5 million.^[79][80]