Operation Crusader

In November, the 6th Brigade moved to its starting positions in Libya to be held in reserve while the initial part of the offensive commenced.^[22] The brigade entered the fray on 21 November, and moved to Bir el Hariga with the 25th Battalion leading alongside the 24th Battalion,^[23] while the 4th Brigade targeted the Bardia–Tobruk highway and the 5th Brigade the area around Bardia and Sollum.^[24] However, the following day, the 6th Brigade was ordered to advance to Point 175, set up a perimeter and then make contact with the 5th South African Brigade, which was in some difficulty, at Sidi Rezegh.^[25] Leaving early in the morning of 23 November, the 25th and 26th Battalions led the advance. At daybreak, they stopped and bivouacked in a wadi. Units of the Afrika Korps, later discovered to be its headquarters element, moved into the wadi from the far end and this initiated a battle in which the battalion took several prisoners.^[26]

The 6th Brigade moved on quickly to take Point 175, which was held by German forces. Point 175 marked the start of the Sidi Rezegh escarpment, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Tobruk.^[21] Arriving a few hours after their initial contact with the enemy earlier in the morning, the 25th Battalion made its first attempt to capture Point 175, having received orders to do so from the brigade's commander, Brigadier Harold Barrowclough.^[27] Initial impressions that Point 175 was only lightly defended proved incorrect and the attack needed additional support with two companies of the 24th Battalion and a squadron of Valentine tanks from 8th Royal Tank Regiment called upon to assist. After initially proceeding well, a German counterattack caused significant casualties amongst the battalion and the remaining two companies of the 24th Battalion moved forward that evening to help secure the little ground that had been won.^[28] Lieutenant Colonel Clayden Shuttleworth, commander of the 24th Battalion, took over command of the overall position following the wounding and subsequent evacuation of McNaught.^[29] The losses incurred by 25th Battalion on this day were 100 dead, 125 wounded, and another 100 made prisoners-of-war.^[30]

It was not until 27 November that all of Sidi Rezegh was under the control of the New Zealanders,^[31] with the 25th Battalion at little more than company strength following the events of 23 November.^[32] Barrowclough made the 25th Battalion, together with the 21st Battalion which had been moved to Sidi Rezegh, his brigade reserve.^[33] However, Rommel had inflicted a significant defeat on the British armour and was now returning to the Tobruk area with his forces. The 6th Brigade was strung out along Sidi Rezegh in pockets, vulnerable to a counter-attack, and elements of the 15th Panzer Division made contact on 28 November.^[31]

By 30 November, the 6th Brigade was surrounded and the Afrika Korps, including the Italian Ariete Division, began attacking after midday with tanks and infantry. Despite the support of anti-tank guns, the New Zealanders were overrun. Shuttleworth was made a prisoner-of-war along with his surviving company commanders.^{[Note 5]} The survivors of the 25th Battalion, now commanded by Major Henry Burton, the sole surviving company commander, had been moved into reserve a few days previously and managed to withdraw before Sidi Rezegh was overrun.^[36]

Syria

The battalion was reformed at Baggush from those who had escaped capture at Sidi Rezegh (about 300-odd) and other personnel who had been left out of battle, along with replacements from New Zealand. The battalion's second-in-command, Major C.D.A. George, who had been left behind at Baggush when the New Zealanders moved into Libya, was promoted to lieutenant colonel and became its commander.^[37] The battalion was stationed at Baggush until late January 1942 before being moved to Maadi.^[38] Shortly afterwards it was called into Cairo for four days to increase the Allied presence there and counter potential unrest amongst the civilian population of the city. Once tensions decreased it returned to Maadi,^[39] and resumed training and this included practice in amphibious operations.^[40]

From late February to mid-March, the 2nd New Zealand Division was transferred to Syria. The Allied high command was concerned that the Middle East was at risk from an invasion by the Germans and the New Zealanders were part of the force tasked with blocking their likely route from the Caucasus.^[41] The 25th Battalion was stationed close to the border with Turkey, near the town of Idlib, and its platoons manned frontier posts for several weeks.^[42] The battalion later shifted to the Djedeide fortress area where it would prepare defences.^[43] However, following the attack on the 8th Army's Gazala Line by Panzer Army Africa, the 2nd New Zealand Division was recalled to Egypt. By the end of June, the 25th Battalion, along with the rest of the 6th Brigade, was setting up camp in the Alamein area.^[44]

Egypt

The 2nd New Zealand Division was dispatched to the lines of El Alamein and while the 4th and 5th Brigades went south to Minqar Qaim, the 6th Brigade, now commanded by Brigadier George Clifton, was initially held in reserve before being ordered to man the Kaponga Box at Bab el Qattara. Arriving on 28 June, the 25th Battalion guarded the western side of the box, while the 24th and 26th Battalions were responsible for the northern and southern sides respectively.^[45] The brigade remained here, watching first the retreating British stream by and then the Germans, at a distance, for several days before moving to Amiriya.^[46] It missed the action of 14–15 July at Ruweisat Ridge which saw the destruction of a large part of the 4th and 5th Brigades when, after securing the ridge, no armour was available to defend a counterattack by the Germans.^[47] The 6th Brigade was recalled back to the El Alamein lines to relieve what was left of the 4th Brigade. A few days later, it was involved in a night-time attack on the El Mrier Depression. The aim was to secure the depression to create a route through which British armour could penetrate.^[48] The brigade, with the 25th Battalion as its reserve,^[49] successfully achieved its objective and was consolidating its positions when the 21st Panzer Division attacked on 22 July.^[47]

At daylight, German tanks caught the 24th and 25th Battalions, positioned in the relatively shallow El Mrier Depression together with 6th Brigade headquarters, by surprise. Firing from the edge of a low cliff overlooking the depression, the Germans caused heavy losses amongst the 24th and 25th Battalions before passing through their positions in pursuit of the British armour. George, the battalion's commander, was captured along with 149 others. Over 200 other men were also killed or wounded.^[50] The survivors, back under the command of Burton who was once again the senior surviving company commander, were aggrieved at the lack of armoured support.^[51] The 6th Brigade moved to the southern section of the Alamein line where it manned defensive positions during the Battle of Alam Halfa, Rommel's failed attempt to cut off the 8th Army.^[52] The battalion at this time numbered 362 personnel, which included one company which had been left back at Maadi and brought forward to rejoin the survivors of the El Mrier battle.^[53] Burton, promoted to lieutenant colonel, commanded the battalion until 12 September at which time he went on leave and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Ian Bonifant.^{[54][Note 6]}

The 8th Army was now under the command of General Bernard Montgomery, who was planning for offensive operations against the Panzer Army Africa, which had formed a defensive position at Alamein. Minus its 4th Brigade, which had incurred significant losses at Ruweisat Ridge and had been withdrawn from the front so it could be converted to armour,^[56] the 2nd New Zealand Division was to play a major role in the forthcoming attack. In the first of its three phases, beginning on 23 October, the New Zealanders advanced behind a creeping artillery barrage which commenced at 9:40 pm and quickly attained all its objectives and began consolidating them.^[52] Bonifant was wounded during a bombing raid the day after the attack and was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his role in the battle.^[57]

The New Zealanders were withdrawn from their positions four days later and remained out of the fighting while the Australian 9th Division took up the offensive in the northern sector of the front. Along with two British infantry brigades, the 2nd New Zealand Division resumed the fight on 2 November in Operation Supercharge, which was intended to break the frontlines in the south. The German defences collapsed and on 4 November they began retreating with the New Zealanders in pursuit.^[52] The 9th Armoured Brigade was attached to the 2nd New Zealand Division in support, and led the initial advance along with the 6th Brigade^[58] but rain turned the ground boggy and halted the advance temporarily before it could resume on 8 November.^[59] In mid-November, the division was withdrawn for rest and re-organisation^[52] and shortly afterwards Bonifant, recovered from the wounds that he had received on 24 October, resumed command of the battalion.^[60]

Advance into Libya and Tunisia

After a month engaged in reorganisation and training at Sidi Azeiz,^[61] the New Zealanders re-entered the campaign in mid-December at El Agheila in an attempt to trap the Panzer Army Africa.^[62] On 11 December, the division carried out a flanking move to the south and west, led by the 6th Brigade with the 25th Battalion on the right of the advance. The move was unopposed for five days until the evening of 15 December, when a reconnaissance element that included the brigade's commander, Brigadier William Gentry, came under fire from a ridge. The 25th Battalion supported the 24th Battalion's subsequent attack on the ridge^[63] but it was found that the trap had failed, with the Germans slipping through the gap between the 5th and 6th Brigades. A second attempt to trap the Germans was made at Nofilia a few days later but this also failed when the rearguard prevented the 5th Brigade from closing the road along which the retreat was being made. The advance continued and on 23 January 1943, the 2nd New Zealand Division entered Tripoli.^[64] Shortly after reaching the city, Bonifant was given command of the New Zealand Divisional Cavalry with Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Morten taking over the 25th Battalion. Initially stationed outside of Tripoli, it moved into the city proper later in February with the rest of the 6th Brigade as part of the occupying force.^[65]

In the meantime, the Panzer Army Africa had withdrawn to the Mareth Line in Tunisia^[62] and following a failed attack by the Germans on the 8th Army at Medenine in early March, the Allied response was for the New Zealanders, along with British and Free French forces, to drive forward to the Tebaga Gap south of the Mareth Line. On 21 March, the 6th Brigade mounted a night-time attack on a feature known as Point 201, which was defended by Italian forces. The attack was on a two battalion frontage, with the 25th Battalion on the left and tasked with the capture of Point 201 itself, and the 26th Battalion making a corresponding movement forward.^[66] Although the objective was achieved with just 50 casualties, of whom 11 were killed, many more were incurred the following day due to artillery fire on Point 201, which was quite exposed.^[67] The breach that the attacking battalions made was not exploited by the supporting British armour.^[66]

The next attempt to capture the Tebaga Gap was mounted on 27 March by the infantry of the 5th Brigade along with the 6th Brigade's 24th Battalion, supported by a regiment of the British 8th Armoured Brigade.^[68] The 25th Battalion only played a minor role, securing the extreme left flank, carrying out diversionary operations, and generally supporting the 24th Battalion during its advance.^[69] The attack was a total success and the next day the 2nd New Zealand Division moved forward with the 25th Battalion bringing up the rear of the 6th Brigade.^[70]

Over the coming days, the 2nd New Zealand Division, which briefly halted its advance for a week for rest and maintenance of its vehicles, advanced towards the town of Enfidaville, over 130 kilometres (81 mi) to the north. Only minor opposition was encountered as it moved forward, with the 25th Battalion leading the 6th Brigade.^[71] The outskirts of Enfidaville were reached by the battalion's carriers on 14 April, but resistance prevented the rifle companies from entering the town that day. Preparations for a full-scale attack on the town had begun but the 6th Brigade was relieved before they could be implemented, with the 25th Battalion moving 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) to the rear.^[72] Focus then shifted to Takrouna, the 2nd New Zealand Division's objective in Operation Oration, X Corps' offensive towards Tunis. The 6th Brigade, with the 25th Battalion in reserve, was to attack north of the Takrouna–Enfidaville road, flanking 5th Brigade's attack on Takrouna.^[73] The attack commenced on the evening of 19 April; while the 6th Brigade easily secured its objectives, the 5th Brigade struggled and it took two days for Takrouna to fall.^[74] Shortly afterwards, the 25th Battalion was temporarily attached to the 5th Brigade, and relieved its 23rd Battalion.^[75] It remained on the frontlines to keep pressure on the enemy while other Allied units broke through to Tunis elsewhere on the front. In early May, the Axis forces in North Africa surrendered and the 2nd New Zealand Division began to return to Egypt.^[76]

Orsogna

In the following weeks, the battalion was involved in the 6th Brigade's attack on Orsogna, as part of the Moro River Campaign.^[83] The 25th Battalion made the initial attack on Orsogna on the evening of 2 December, which was launched without the use of supporting armour as Brigadier Graham Parkinson, commander of the 6th Brigade, did not anticipate any difficulty. The leading platoons penetrated into the town square but soon robust defence, supported by German tanks of the 26th Panzer Division, forced them back. Two platoons of infantry were captured. Two tank troops from the 18th Armoured Regiment were ordered forward but by the time they had reached the outskirts of Orsogna, the infantry were withdrawing from the town.^[84] The battalion supported further attacks on Orsogna by the 5th Infantry Brigade in the following days,^[85] but the German defences were too strong and the attack soon faded into a stalemate, with a number of back and forth actions as winter set in.^[83] Offensive operations around Orsogna ceased in late December^[86] and the 6th Brigade maintained its sector with two battalions, rotating the 24th, 25th and 26th Battalions out of the line in three-day spells.^[87] During this time, Morten fell ill and was medically evacuated. The battalion's second-in-command, Major Edward Norman, was made its commander in Morten's stead.^[88] The New Zealanders withdrew from the area altogether on 13 January 1944.^[89]

Cassino

Following its withdrawal from the Orsogna area, the 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of divisions that were transferred from the British Eighth Army to the U.S. Fifth Army, then engaged on the western side of the Apennines. This was part of an overall strategy to breach the Gustav Line and break an otherwise deadlocked Italian front. Together with the 4th Indian Division and supporting British and American artillery, the division became part of the newly formed New Zealand Corps, under the command of the New Zealand divisional commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Freyberg. The corps moved to Cassino, the defenders of which had resisted American forces for several weeks.^[83] In the interim, the 25th Battalion had rested for several days in the Volturno valley, 50 miles (80 km) from Cassino. During this time it received some reinforcements, although these were not enough to bring it up to full strength.^[90]

By mid-February, Morten had recovered from his illness and resumed command of the battalion^[91] which, along with the rest of the division, was moved forward to the south of Cassino, taking over part of the sector of the U.S. 36th Infantry Division with the 6th Brigade in reserve.^[92] An initial attack on Cassino, which involved the 4th Indian Division, the 28th Maori Battalion and New Zealand engineers, was mounted on 15 February but failed due to a lack of air and armoured support.^[93] Two days later, the 5th Brigade attempted to capture the town's railway station but this too failed.^[94]

It was soon to be the 6th Brigade's turn. It moved out of its reserve positions and relieved the 133rd Infantry Regiment, part of the U.S. 34th Infantry Division, positioned nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the north of Cassino. The 24th and 25th Battalions manned the front lines, uncomfortably exposed to machinegun fire from an overlooking ridge.^[95] It was planned for the 6th Brigade to mount its attack on Cassino on 24 February but rainfall delayed it by over three weeks.^[96] In the interim, command of the 25th Battalion passed to Lieutenant Colonel John McDuff, who replaced Major Norman, who in turn had taken over from Morten who, earlier in the month, had once again fallen ill and been evacuated.^[97] When the 6th Brigade's attack finally commenced, on 15 March, the town had been thoroughly shelled and bombed during the intervening period. Supported by the 19th Armoured Regiment, the 25th Battalion pushed into Cassino.^[98] The 25th Battalion was tasked with capturing the western side of the town up to the Continental Hotel whereupon the 26th Battalion was to take up the advance.^[99] However, it was unable to achieve its objectives;^[100] the Germans defended strongly, assisted by the rubble that hampered the easy movement of the supporting armour.^[98] After spending 16 March consolidating what gains it had made, the next day a further attempt was made but this was again largely unsuccessful with each of the 25th Battalion's rifle companies being whittled down to strengths of around 50 men.^[101] The other battalions of the 6th Brigade were in a similar state but Parkinson, now commanding the 2nd New Zealand Division, was reluctant to commit more infantry to the battle.^[102] However, he finally ordered the 5th Brigade into the town on 20 March and the 25th Battalion was withdrawn to a secondary defensive position.^[103] The 5th Brigade was no more successful than the 6th Brigade and was reduced to simply holding what ground it had gained amongst the rubble of Cassino.^[104]

On 26 March, the New Zealand Corps disbanded and Freyberg reverted to command of the division^[105] which, a few days later, began to disengage from Cassino. The 6th Brigade was withdrawn on 1 April and the 25th Battalion moved 24 kilometres (15 mi) to the south. Casualties amongst the battalion amounted to 220 personnel killed or wounded in action^[106] and it was left to II Polish Corps to capture Cassino in mid-May.^[98] In June, McDuff was made commander of the Advance Base of 2NZEF, and Norman, promoted to lieutenant colonel, took up permanent command of 25th Battalion.^[107]

Advance to Florence

The 2nd New Zealand Division was held in reserve until 9 July, having spent the intervening period recuperating in Avezzano, and assigned to XIII Corps.^[108] Its role was to help the 6th Armoured Division, which was to attack Arezzo and drive onto the Arno River and onto Florence. The battalion was tasked with taking Monte Lignano, one of a series of mountain peaks flanking Arezzo which were held by the Germans. It relieved a battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, below the crest of the mountain, on 13 July.^[109] A full scale attack was mounted early in the morning of 15 July under the cover of an artillery barrage and the battalion's companies began reaching their objectives within two hours.^[110] Monte Lignano was secured by the battalion for the loss of 17 men killed and 48 wounded, four later dying of their injuries. It withdrew to the rear on 16 July.^[111]

The infantry brigades now shifted to the west, along the Pesa River.^[112] They continued to advance onto Florence and duly entered the city in August. After this, the 2nd New Zealand Division was transferred to I Canadian Corps, then on the Adriatic Coast, and advanced up to Rimini.^[113] During the move forwards to Rimini, the 25th Battalion formed a "Battalion Battle Group"; this included a squadron of Shermans from 20th Armoured Regiment, a platoon of machineguns and heavy mortars, and an anti-tank troop. The 24th Battalion was similarly expanded, and these two battle groups alternated as the advance guard of 6th Brigade, which in turn led the division in a series of river crossings throughout September up to and beyond Rimini.^[114]

The 5th Brigade took over the advance at the end of September and the 25th Battalion was withdrawn into reserve for a rest.^[115] After a week, the battalion re-entered the front lines, taking over the positions of the 21st Battalion in preparation for an assault across the Fiumicino River by the 24th and 26th Battalions; the 25th was to be held in reserve.^[116] However, weather delayed the attack and it was abandoned altogether when the Canadians took over the sector.^[117]

Later in October, the New Zealanders were relieved and sent to Fabriano for rest and recuperation. During this time, the division was reorganised, with each of the infantry brigades expanding from three to four battalions.^[118] It reentered the frontlines, near the town of Faenza, in late November, under V Corps. The following month, the battalion crossed the Lamone River and joined the other infantry battalions of the 6th Brigade in attacks in and around Faenza.^[119] Along with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division, it then wintered along the Senio River, remaining there until March 1945.^[120]

Final months

On 9 April, the 2nd New Zealand Division crossed the Senio River. The crossing was carried out by the 5th and 6th Infantry Brigades, with the 25th Battalion on the right of the 6th Brigade's frontage, alongside the 24th Battalion. The battalion had armoured support, including a squadron of the 20th Armoured Regiment which was under its direct command. The crossing, covered by artillery, fighter bombers, and flamethrowers, was achieved with minimal opposition; nearly 60 Germans were captured by the leading companies.^[121] Despite suffering casualties due to being accidentally bombed by Allied bombers, the battalion continued to lead the advance of the 6th Brigade to the Santerno, which it crossed on 11 April.^[122] Ordered to continue its advance to the Scolo Sillaro, the battalion established a bridgehead over which tanks were able to cross. It was relieved by the 23rd Battalion on 16 April, leaving the 25th Battalion as the brigade reserve. Since beginning its attack across the Senio, the battalion had advanced 23 kilometres (14 mi), taken at least 68 prisoners-of-war and inflicted numerous casualties on the enemy for the loss of 14 men killed in action.^[123]

After a few days out of the line, the battalion resumed its advance on 20 April with the 6th Brigade, still as its reserve. However, a few days later the vehicle in which Norman, the battalion's commander, was travelling ran over a landmine. Norman was wounded and had to be medically evacuated. He was replaced by the second-in-command of the 26th Battalion, Major A. Barnett, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel.^[124] The advance continued, effectively unopposed, with the 25th Battalion leading.^[125] Despite expecting the worst, it crossed the Po River with minimal difficulty on 25 April and the Adige River was traversed the next day, again with relative ease.^[126] The 9th Infantry Brigade then took over the advance, with the 6th Brigade taking over as the divisional reserve.^[127] Although the war was nearly over, care was still required as the battalion moved forward through the towns of Padua and Gorizia,^[128] before the surrender of all German forces in Italy on 2 May.^[127]

On 4 May, the 25th Battalion moved to the village of Sgonico, just to the north of Trieste.^[129] Along with other elements of the 2nd New Zealand Division, the battalion remained in and around Trieste for several weeks to counter the presence of Yugoslav partisans, who had laid claim to the city. In mid-June the partisans withdrew from the city and several weeks later the New Zealand government decided that the division would not be required for service in the Pacific Theatre of Operations. In early August, the battalion began demobilisation with long serving men leaving for New Zealand via Bari while the remaining personnel withdrew to wintering positions near Florence.^[130] In October, Barnett took over command of what was left of the 6th Brigade. This left command of the battalion in its final days to Major D. Muir, who oversaw its disbandment on 2 December 1945.^[131]

During the war, the 25th Battalion lost 531 personnel either killed in action or who later died of their wounds, while nearly 550 others were made prisoners-of-war.^{[14][Note 7]}