Iran

• Raad-1 ('Thunder') – Iranian variant based on the hull of the Boragh APC.

Myanmar

• 2S1U – In March 2019, a Ukrainian company, the Great Export Import Company, and the Myanmar military have signed a joint-venture agreement to build a plant capable of manufacturing armored personnel carriers (APCs) and self-propelled howitzers. The types of APCs that will be made in the plant are said to be eight-wheeled BTR-4Us while the howitzers will be 2S1Us, which are based on the MT-LBu multipurpose chassis.^[3][4]

Poland

The 2S1 Gvozdika, and other related vehicles such as the MT-LB and Opal, were produced in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola under the name 2S1 Goździk.

• 2S1M Goździk – Version with special amphibious kit that increases the vehicle's amphibious capabilities.
• 2S1T Goździk – Version with a TOPAZ digital fire control system from WB electronics. The system consists of a FONET-IP digital intercom system, new digital radio, military GPS receiver, military computer and dedicated software. The same system is used on other Polish Armed Forces artillery systems like the AHS Krab, Dana-T and WR-40 Langusta.

Romania

• OAPR model 89 (Obuzierul autopropulsat românesc, model 89) – Romanian variant combining the 2S1 Gvozdika's turret and a modified version of the MLI-84's chassis. Designed around 1978, produced between 1987 and 1992. Also simply known as Model 89.^[5][6]

Russia

• 2S34 Khosta – Modernisation of the 2S1 with the 122 mm 2A31 gun replaced by the 120 mm 2A80-1 gun-mortar. Further improvements include a new Malakhit fire control system, a battlefield observation system and the ability to fire the Kitolov-2M guided ammunition. One unit, the 21st Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in Totskoye, is currently being equipped with the system.

Serbia

• 2S1 modernized - The modernization is being carried out on the basis of the 122 mm towed howitzer of the Serbian modernization program. Project "SORA 122mm" and NORA B-52. Where the truck platform was abandoned, which was used by the proto-type version of the "SORA 122mm" system in favor of a much better, crawler platform 2S1 Gvozdika system. The action was made possible by two new projectiles and an increased range of about 40% from 15,200 to almost 22,000 m. A new ballistic computer and fire control system make it much faster to prepare for action. There is also a new inertial navigation system, GPRS, as well as the possibility of action, multiple projectiles in one point MRSI. Thus, it was achieved that with one 2S1 Gvozdika system, in the system of MRSI action in one point, 6 projectiles can be fired in one minute; the modernized 2S1 Gvozdika is much improved. For better defence a turret with a 12.7 mm machine gun was added. In 2021, the first modernized 2S1 Gvozdika system battery was inducted into service with the Serbian Army.

Soviet Union

• 2S15 Norov – A prototype tank destroyer equipped with a radar-based fire control system and a 100 mm gun.^[7]
• UR-77 Meteorit – Mine clearing vehicle with launcher for mine-clearing line charges.

Ukraine

• Kevlar-E – Infantry fighting vehicle based on the 2S1 platform, equipped with Shturm remote weapon station and room for 6 passengers in addition to the 3 crew. The original 300 horsepower V8 diesel engine has been replaced with a 420 horsepower diesel engine produced by Caterpillar, Cummins or Deutz, increasing the maximum road speed to 70 km/h. The vehicle is amphibious, and has air conditioning, a fire detection and suppression system, an NBC system, navigation system and night-vision equipment. The variant was first introduced in April 2018.^[8] The prototype has been fighting in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[9]

Current operators

•  Algeria – 140^[10]
•  Angola − 9+^[11]
•  Armenia – 9^[12]
•  Azerbaijan − 68^[13]
•  Belarus – 125^[14]
•  Bulgaria – 48^[15]
•  Chad – 10^[16]
•  Republic of the Congo − 3^[17]
•  Democratic Republic of the Congo − 6^[18]
•  Cuba^[19]
•  Croatia – 8^[20]
•  Eritrea – 32^[21]
•  Ethiopia^[22]
•  Finland – 74^[23]
•  Georgia − 20^[24]
  •  South Ossetia^{[citation needed]}
•  Iran − 60+ 2S1 and Raad-1^[25]
•  Kazakhstan – 60^[26]
•  Kurdistan − 16-24 Operated By The Peshmerga^[27]
•  Kyrgyzstan − 18^[28]
•  Libya − Used by the Libyan National Army^[29]
•  Poland – Up to 227^[30]
•  Romania − 6 2S1 and 34 Model 89^[31]
•  Russia – 130 used by the Ground Forces, 85 used by the Naval Infantry, plus an unknown amount operated by the 1st Army Corps, 2nd Army Corps, and border guards. Estimated to have 2,000 in storage as of 2023^[32]
•  Serbia – 67^[33]
•  Sudan − 56^[34]
•  South Sudan^[35]
•  Syria^[36]
•  Tajikistan − 3^[37]
•  Turkmenistan – 40^[38]
•  Ukraine – 120+ used by the Ground Forces, Naval Infantry and Airborne Assault Troops^[39]
•  Uruguay – 6^[40]
•  Uzbekistan^[41]
•  Vietnam^[42]
•  Yemen^[43]
•  Zimbabwe − 12^[44]

Former operators

•  Bosnia and Herzegovina − 3 in 2004^[45]
•  Czech Republic – 91 in 1999^[46]
•  Czechoslovakia – 230 in 1989.^[47] Passed on to successor states
•  East Germany – 300 in 1989.^[48] Phased out in 1990 after German reunification
•  Hungary^[49]
•  Iraq – Unknown number operational prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq^[50]
•  Islamic State^[51]
•  Lebanon − 130 in 2004^[52]
•  Republika Srpska − 24 in 2004^[45]
•  Slovakia^[53]
•  Slovenia – 8 in 1999^[54]
•  Yugoslavia – Passed on to successor states^[55]
•  Soviet Union – 3,200 used by the Ground Forces and 90 by the Naval Infantry in 1989.^[56] Passed on to successor states