53rd_New_Zealand_Parliament

53rd New Zealand Parliament

53rd New Zealand Parliament

New Zealand parliamentary term from 2020 to 2023

The 53rd New Zealand Parliament was a meeting of the legislature in New Zealand. It opened on 25 November 2020[1] following the 17 October 2020 general election, and dissolved on 8 September 2023 to trigger the next election. It consisted of 120 members of Parliament (MPs)[2] with five parties represented: the Labour and Green parties, in government, and the National, Māori and ACT parties, in opposition. The Sixth Labour Government held a majority in this Parliament. Jacinda Ardern continued as prime minister until her resignation on 25 January 2023; she was succeeded by Chris Hipkins.

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The Parliament was elected using a mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) voting system. MPs represented 72 geographical electorates: 16 in the South Island, 49 in the North Island and 7 Māori electorates. This was an increase of one electorate seat from the previous election, as a result of population growth in the North Island. The remaining MPs were elected from party lists using the Webster/Sainte-Laguë method to realise proportionality.[3]

Background

Electorate changes

To achieve proportionality across electorates, there were a number of changes required to electorates based on population data determined through the 2018 census and projected population growth.[4] As such, the number of geographical electorates increased by one compared to the 2017 election to account for the North Island's higher population growth, creating Takanini, and 30 general electorates and five Māori electorates had their boundaries adjusted so that each electorate contains roughly the same number of people.[5][6]

2020 general election

Main article: 2020 New Zealand general election

The 2020 general election was held on 17 October, after being delayed from 19 September due to a resurgence of COVID-19 cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand.[7][8] The dissolution of the 52nd Parliament was originally set for 12 August,[9] and was delayed first to 17 August[10] and finally to 6 September 2020.[11]

The 2020 election resulted in a majority for the Labour Party, winning 65 seats, allowing them to continue the Sixth Labour Government unrestricted. Their coalition partner from the 52nd Parliament, New Zealand First, did not receive enough votes to pass the five percent threshold or win in an electorate, kicking them out of Parliament. Confidence and supply partner the Green Party received 10 seats, up two, becoming the first minor party ever to increase their share of the vote following their being in government. In the opposition, the National Party lost 23 seats, giving them a total of 33, and ACT New Zealand went from one seat to ten. The Māori Party won the Waiariki electorate and gained an additional list seat after losing representation in the 2017 general election.[12]

Government formation

Labour achieved a majority in the 2020 election, allowing them to form a government without any coalition agreements having to be made. However, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern entered talks with the Green Party about "potential areas of co-operation" in the formation of the new government.[13] After two weeks of discussions, the Green Party reached an agreement with Labour on 31 October to become part of the next Government, with co-leaders James Shaw and Marama Davidson receiving ministerial positions outside of cabinet. Shaw remained Minister for Climate Change and become Associate Minister for the Environment, while Davidson became Minister for the Prevention of Family and Sexual Violence and Associate Minister of Housing.[14] The new government was sworn in on 6 November 2020. Some ministerial positions changed in July 2021. Ardern was succeeded as prime minister by Chris Hipkins on 25 January 2023, following her resignation.

Parliamentary term

The writ for the 2020 election was returned on 20 November 2020[15] after being delayed from its original set date of 12 November due to election recounts. Under section 19 of Constitution Act 1986, Parliament must meet no later than six weeks after this date; on 6 November 2020, following the new government's first Cabinet meeting, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern confirmed that the Commission Opening and State Opening of Parliament would take place on 25 and 26 November 2020, respectively.

The 53rd Parliament is the first parliament since the 44th New Zealand Parliament (and the introduction of an MMP electoral system) to have a single party hold an outright majority of seats. The Labour Party currently holds 64 seats, 3 more than the required 61 seats needed for a majority.[16]

Timeline

  • 1 November 2020 – The Green Party enter into a "cooperation agreement" with Labour
  • 6 November 2020 –
    • Jacinda Ardern is sworn in for a second term as prime minister. Other ministers are also sworn in.
    • Final results of the 2020 election are released. Three electorates flip to Labour, and National lose two seats on the party vote, with Labour and the Māori Party picking up one each.[17]
    • Gerry Brownlee resigns as Deputy Leader of the National Party.
  • 10 November 2020 – Shane Reti is elected Deputy Leader of the National Party.
  • 20 November 2020 – The writ of the election is returned (having been delayed from 12 November due to a judicial recount).[18]
  • 25 November 2020 – Commission Opening of Parliament
  • 26 November 2020 – State Opening of Parliament
  • 20 May 2021 – Budget 2021 is delivered to Parliament.[19]
  • 25 November 2021 – Judith Collins is removed as Leader of the National Party by a caucus vote of no confidence.
  • 30 November 2021 – Christopher Luxon and Nicola Willis are elected Leader and Deputy Leader of the National Party.
  • 20 May 2022 – Budget 2022 is delivered to Parliament.[20]
  • 18 June 2022 – Tauranga by-election.
  • 10 December 2022 – Hamilton West by-election.
  • 19 January 2023 – Jacinda Ardern announces resignation.[21]
  • 23 January 2023 – Chris Hipkins is elected Leader of the Labour Party.
  • 25 January 2023 – Chris Hipkins and Carmel Sepuloni are sworn in as prime minister and deputy prime minister.
  • 18 May 2023 - Budget 2023 is devliered to Parliament.[22]

Major legislation

On 1 March 2021, the Local Electoral (Māori Wards and Māori Constituencies) Amendment Act 2021 received royal assent after being introduced by Nanaia Mahuta on 9 February. This Act eliminates mechanisms for holding public referendums on the establishment of Māori wards and constituencies on local bodies, which allowed the public to veto a council's decision to introduce a Māori ward.[23]

On 30 September 2021, the Counter-Terrorism Legislation Act 2021 passed its third reading. This Act criminalised the planning of terror attacks and expanded Police powers to conduct warrantless searches. It was supported by the Labour and National parties but was opposed by the Green, ACT and Māori parties.[24]

On 24 November 2021, the COVID-19 Response (Vaccinations) Legislation Act 2021 passed its third reading. This Act allows businesses to dismiss employees who refuse to take COVID-19 vaccines.[25]

On 15 December 2021, the Resource Management (Enabling Housing Supply and Other Matters) Amendment Act 2021 passed its third and final reading with the support of all parties except ACT. The Act seeks to address the national housing shortage by easing the process for building houses in major cities.[26][27]

On 15 February 2022, the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Act 2022 passed its third reading, becoming law with broad cross-party support. The Act banned conversion therapy in New Zealand.[28]

On 9 March 2022, Parliament unanimously passed the Russia Sanctions Act 2022, which established a sanctions-implementation regime targeting Russia in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[29][30]

On 18 March 2022, the Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion (Safe Areas) Amendment Act 2022 received royal assent. The Bill creates safe spaces of about 150 metres around abortion providers and also bans obstructing, filming, dissuading or protesting against individuals seeking abortion services in those zones.[31]

On 7 June 2022, the Government's Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Act 2022 passed its third reading. The Bill replaced the country's existing district health boards with a new Crown agency called Health New Zealand and established as separate Māori Health Authority. The Health Futures Act also established a new Public Health Agency within the Ministry of Health while strengthening the Ministry's stewardship role.[32]

On 9 August 2022, the Government's Three Strikes Legislation Repeal Act 2022 passed its third reading, repealing the Sentencing and Parole Reform Act 2010. The Three Strikes Legislation Repeal Act removed the three strikes law from New Zealand legislation. While the bill was supported by the Labour, Green, and Māori parties, it was opposed by the National and ACT parties.[33][34]

On 13 December, the Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Act 2022 passed its third reading and became law. The bill banned tobacco from being sold to anyone born after 1 January 2009, limited the number of retailers allowed to sell tobacco, and lowered the nicotine content in tobacco products.[35]

On 16 August 2023, the Water Services Entities Amendment Act 2023 passed its third reading. The bill increased the number of water services entities from four to ten, and delayed the start of the entities from 2024 to 2026.[36] That same day, the Government passed the Natural and Built Environment Act 2023 and the Spatial Planning Act 2023, the first two laws in its planned revamp of the Resource Management Act 1991.[37]

On 23 August, the Government passed two final bills entrenching the Water Services Reform Programme ("Three Waters"): the Water Services Economic Efficiency and Consumer Protection Act 2023 and Water Services Legislation Act 2023. The first bill sets up an economic regulation regime overseen by the Commerce Commission as a watchdog over the water services entities' quality and efficiency. The second bill outlines the duties, functions, and powers of the new water services entities that would come into effect in 2026. [38]

Workplace culture

In 2019, following allegations of workplace misconduct by Meka Whaitiri, Jami-Lee Ross, and Maggie Barry in the 52nd Parliament the Speaker of the House Trevor Mallard commissioned a review into bullying and harassment in Parliament.[39]

In the 53rd Parliament, Parliamentary Services started to implement the 85 recommendations from the review into workplace culture.[39] Despite this, allegations of workplace misconduct continued. These allegations include:

  • Nick Smith bullying his staff, with allegations from 2020 leading to his resignation in 2021.[40]
  • Gaurav Sharma being bullied by the Labour Whips office, the Prime Minister's office, and by Parliamentary Services.[41]
  • Anna Lorck bullying her staff.[42]

Dissolution

Under section 17 of the Constitution Act 1986, Parliament expires a maximum of three years "from the day fixed for the return of the writs issued for the last preceding general election of members of the House of Representatives, and no longer".[43] The writs were issued on 13 September 2020 and were returned on 20 November 2020,[44][18] meaning that the 53rd Parliament must dissolve on or before 20 November 2023. The 2023 general election is scheduled to be held on 14 October and the 53rd Parliament is scheduled to be dissolved on 8 September.[45]

Officeholders

Presiding officers

Other parliamentary officers

Party leaders

Floor leaders

Whips

Further information: Whip (politics) § New Zealand

Shadow cabinets

Members

The table below shows the members of the 53rd Parliament based on the results of the 2020 general election. Ministerial roles were officially announced on 2 November 2020. Based on preliminary results, there were 40 new MPs.[49] When final results were announced on 6 November, this rose to 42 new members.[17] Labour lost a member on 23 August 2022 due to the expulsion of Gaurav Sharma from the parliamentary party.[50] After Sharma's resignation from parliament, the December 2022 by-election for his Hamilton West electorate was won by National.[51]

Overview

This table shows the number of MPs in each party:

More information Affiliation, Members ...

Notes

  • ^C The Green Party entered into a cooperation agreement with the Labour Party on 1 November 2020 in which they agreed not to oppose confidence and supply. This differs from a confidence and supply agreement that has been a feature of New Zealand governments, in which minor political parties agree to explicitly support confidence and supply.
  • The Working Government majority is calculated as all Government MPs less all opposition parties. It excludes the Green Party which can either support or abstain from confidence and supply. The Working Government with Cooperation majority includes the Green Party.

Members

More information Labour (62), Rank ...
More information Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand (9), Rank ...
More information National (34), Rank ...
More information ACT New Zealand (10), Rank ...
More information Māori Party (2), Rank ...
More information Independent (2), Name ...

Demographics of elected MPs

The 2020 general election saw the election of New Zealand's first African MP (Ibrahim Omer), first Sri Lankan-born MP (Vanushi Walters) and first Latin American MP (Ricardo Menéndez March).[53] Six new LGBT+ MPs were elected (Menéndez March, Glen Bennett, Ayesha Verrall, Shanan Halbert, Elizabeth Kerekere, Tangi Utikere), making the New Zealand House of Representatives the national parliament with the highest percentage of LGBT+ members in the world.[54][55]

During the 53rd parliament, 60 MPs (50%) were women—the highest number since women were first allowed to stand for Parliament in 1919.[56][57] The period between the swearing in of Soraya Peke-Mason and Tama Potaka was the first time there had been more women than men as MPs.[58]

Changes

The following changes in Members of Parliament occurred during the term of the 53rd Parliament:

More information #, Seat ...

^1 The resignation of Jacinda Ardern took place less than six months before the next general election and therefore a by-election to fill the vacancy was not required.[72]

^2 Following the resignation of Meka Whaitiri from the Labour Party, she waka-jumped to Te Pāti Māori, but is regarded as an independent MP in Parliament.[73]

Seating plan

Start of term

The chamber is in a horseshoe-shape.[74]

Watts Severin D. Smith G. Bennett
Dean S. Smith Muller Brown N. Smith Penk S. O'Connor Stanford McKelvie van de Molen Grigg Luxon Mooney Simmonds Chhour March Ngobi
Brownlee Willis Pugh Doocey Simpson D. Bennett Goldsmith Mitchell Kuriger Ngarewa-Packer McKee Baillie Court McDowall Cameron Kerekere
Lee Bishop Reti Collins Bayly Woodhouse Upston McClay Bridges Waititi Seymour van Velden Shaw Genter Ghahraman Tuiono Henderson
Davidson Swarbrick Sage
Mallard Logie
White
Radhakrishnan Strange Brooking
Mahuta Parker Robertson ARDERN Davis Woods Hipkins Sepuloni Little P. Williams Sio Whaitiri Twyford Luxton Omer Boyack Sharma
D. O'Connor Nash Webb McAnulty Faafoi Henare Jackson Tinetti Wood Wall Lubeck Warren-Clark G. O'Connor Coffey Chen Lewis Pallett
Rurawhe Salesa Edmonds Prime Allan Clark Verrall Tirikatene Russell Kanongata'a-Suisuiki Craig Andersen Eagle Walters Belich Leavasa McLellan Leary
Roberts Halbert Lorck Utikere A. Williams

End of term

The chamber is in a horseshoe-shape.[75]

Uffindell Potaka Severin Kerekere
Dean S. Smith Simpson Simmonds Watts S. O'Connor Kuriger D. Bennett McKelvie Muller van de Molen Hipango Mooney Grigg Chhour D. Smith Whaitiri
Collins Mitchell Pugh Penk Woodhouse McClay Lee Bayly Brownlee Ngarewa-Packer McKee Baillie Court McDowall Cameron March
Brown Doocey Willis Luxon Bishop Reti Goldsmith Upston Stanford Waititi Seymour van Velden Shaw Genter Ghahraman Tuiono Vacant
Davidson Swarbrick Sage
Rurawhe Logie
Lewis
Luxton Walters Eagle
D. O'Connor Verrall Sepuloni HIPKINS Davis Robertson Woods Tinetti Jackson Webb Tirikatene Russell Brooking Leary G. Bennett Boyack Ngobi
Andersen Little Belich Utikere Parker Henare Mahuta Radhakrishnan McAnulty Kanongata'a-Suisuiki Twyford Clark Sio Nash Omer A. Williams Lorck
G. O'Connor Salesa Halbert McLellan Edmonds Prime P. Williams Craig Warren-Clark Lubeck Wood Coffey Allan Chen Strange Leavasa Sosene Peke-Mason
White Roberts Rosewarne Pallett Henderson

Committees

Main article: New Zealand House of Representatives committees

The 53rd Parliament has 12 select committees and 8 specialist committees.[76] They are listed below, with their chairpersons and deputy chairpersons:

More information Committee, Chairperson ...

Electorates

General electorates since 2020, showing the 2020 election results

This section shows the New Zealand electorates as they are currently represented in the 53rd Parliament.[97] Electorates were redrawn after the 2018 census and will remain the same for the 2023 election.

General electorates

More information Electorate, Region ...

Māori electorates

Māori Electorates since the 2020 election. Red represent Labour seats, brown represents Māori Party seats.
More information Electorate, Region ...

See also

Notes

  1. [n 1]
    McKelvie was appointed to serve as an additional Assistant Speaker while the House sits with members participating remotely, as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic.[46]
  2. [n 2]
    Hipkins succeeded Ardern as Labour Party leader on 22 January 2023 but was not warranted as Prime Minister until 25 January 2023.

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