AD_1544
1544
Calendar year
1544 (MDXLIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1544th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 544th year of the 2nd millennium, the 44th year of the 16th century, and the 5th year of the 1540s decade. As of the start of 1544, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.
Quick Facts
| Gregorian calendar | 1544 MDXLIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2297 |
| Armenian calendar | 993 ԹՎ ՋՂԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6294 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1465–1466 |
| Bengali calendar | 951 |
| Berber calendar | 2494 |
| English Regnal year | 35 Hen. 8 – 36 Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2088 |
| Burmese calendar | 906 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7052–7053 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit) 4241 or 4034 — to — 甲辰年 (Wood Dragon) 4242 or 4035 |
| Coptic calendar | 1260–1261 |
| Discordian calendar | 2710 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1536–1537 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5304–5305 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1600–1601 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1465–1466 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4644–4645 |
| Holocene calendar | 11544 |
| Igbo calendar | 544–545 |
| Iranian calendar | 922–923 |
| Islamic calendar | 950–951 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenbun 13 (天文１３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1462–1463 |
| Julian calendar | 1544 MDXLIV |
| Korean calendar | 3877 |
| Minguo calendar | 368 before ROC 民前368年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 76 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2086–2087 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水兔年 (female Water-Rabbit) 1670 or 1289 or 517 — to — 阳木龙年 (male Wood-Dragon) 1671 or 1290 or 518 |
Close
January–June
- January 13 – At Västerås, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to King Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden.[1][2] Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the Kingdom of France.
- February 20 – The Fourth Diet of Speyer is convened.[3][4]
- April 11 – Battle of Ceresole: French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of the Holy Roman Empire, under the Marques Del Vasto, near Turin.[5]
- May – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, again invades eastern France along with Henry VIII. The English side is led by the Duke of Norfolk, who starts crossing the English channel in late May.[6]
- May 3 – Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, with an English army, captures Leith and Edinburgh from the Kingdom of Scotland.[7]
July–December
- July 10–August 17 – Troops of the Holy Roman Empire besiege Saint-Dizier, in eastern France.[8][9]
- July 15 – Battle of the Shirts: The Clan Fraser of Lovat and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship in Scotland; reportedly, five Frasers and eight or ten Macdonalds survive.[10][11]
- July 19–September 14 – Italian War of 1542–46 – First Siege of Boulogne: King Henry VIII of England besieges and captures Boulogne in northern France.[12]
- August 17 – The University of Königsberg ("Albertina") is inaugurated (founding deed signed July 20 by Albert, Duke of Prussia).[13]
- September 18
- Peace of Crépy: Peace is declared between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France. The war between France and England continues.[14]
- The expedition of Juan Bautista Pastene makes landfall in San Pedro Bay, southern Chile, claiming the territory for Spain.[15]
- September 22 – Captain Juan Bautista Pastene leads the first European expedition to the estuary of Valdivia, Chile and Corral Bay.[16]
- October 9 – Second Siege of Boulogne: French forces under the Dauphin assault Boulogne, but are ultimately unsuccessful.[17]
Date unknown
- Mongols, led by Anda, burn the suburbs of Peking in China.[18][19]
- After being asked by Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, botanist Luca Ghini comes to the University of Pisa as the chair of botany, where he had the year prior established the Orto botanico di Pisa.[20][21]
- Rats make their first appearance in South America, arriving in Peru with the species black rat.[22]
- Portuguese explorers encounter the island of Taiwan, and call it Ilha Formosa ("Beautiful Island").[23][24]
- January 19 – King Francis II of France (d. 1560)[25]
- January 24 – Gillis van Coninxloo, Flemish painter (d. 1607)[26][27]
- February 3 – César de Bus, French Catholic priest (d. 1607)[28]
- March 11 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (d. 1595)[29]
- April – Thomas Fleming, English judge (d. 1613)[30]
- April 20 – Renata of Lorraine, duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1602)[31]
- May 24 – William Gilbert, English scientist and astronomer (d. 1603)[32]
- July 14 – Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton, English politician (d. 1589)[33]
- August 9 – Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1606)[34]
- September 1 – John Gordon, Scottish bishop (d. 1619)[35]
- September 28 or September 29 – Giovanni de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1562)[36]
- November 1 – Hasan Kafi Pruščak, Bosnian scholar and judge (d. 1615)[37]
- November 15 – Dorothea Susanne of Simmern, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1592)[38]
- December 23 – Anna of Saxony, only child and heiress of Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1577)[39]
- date unknown
- Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1610)[40]
- Thomas Hobson, English carrier and origin of the phrase Hobson's choice (d. 1631)[41]
- Maddalena Casulana, Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d. 1590)[42]
- probable
- George Whetstone, English writer (d. 1587)[43]
- March 16 – Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) (b. 1478)[44]
- March 22 – Johannes Magnus, last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (b. 1488)[45]
- April 30 – Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1488)[46]
- June 14 – Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1489)[47]
- July 15 – René of Châlon, Prince of the House of Orange (b. 1519)[48]
- June 23 – Eleonore of Fürstenberg, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1523)[49]
- August 19 – Hans Buser, Swiss noble (b. 1513)
- September 12 – Clément Marot, French poet (b. 1496)[50]
- September 25 – Valerius Cordus, German physician and scientist (b. 1515)[51]
- October 10 – Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy, English courtier and patron of learning (b. 1516)[52]
- October 12 – Antonio Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1485)[53]
- November 13 – Ursula van Beckum, Dutch Anapabtist (b. 1520)[54]
- November 15 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (b. 1476)[55]
- November 29 – Jungjong of Joseon (b. 1488)
- December 9 – Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet (b. 1491)[56]
- date unknown
- Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde[57][58]
- Chen Chun, Chinese painter (b. 1483)[59]
- Margaret Roper, English writer (b. 1505)[60]
- Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1444)[61]
- Manco Inca Yupanqui, Inca ruler (b. 1516)[62]
- Bonaventure des Périers, French author (b. 1500)[63]
- Skrifter utgivna av Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning: Rättshistoriska studier. Serien II (in Swedish). Nordiska bokhandeln. 1951. p. 23. ISBN 978-91-85190-28-7. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- Medelius, Hans (1993). Himla många kungar: historier kring Den Svenska Historien (in Swedish). Nordiska museet. p. 75. ISBN 978-91-7108-338-8. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- Archiv Für Reformationsgeschichte (in German). Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn. 1964. p. 180. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- Melloni, Alberto (October 23, 2017). Martin Luther: Ein Christ zwischen Reformen und Moderne (1517–2017) (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 379. ISBN 978-3-11-049874-5. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- Desmond Seward (1974). Prince of the Renaissance: The Life of François I. Cardinal. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-351-18234-1.
- Potter, D. L. (January 1, 2011). "Chapter Four. 'Fighting Over The Bear's Skin': The Invasion Of France (1544)". Henry VIII and Francis I. Brill. pp. 153–204. ISBN 978-90-04-20432-4. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- Phillips, Gervase (October 1999). "Strategy and Its Limitations: The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1480-1550". War in History. 6 (4): 396–416. doi:10.1177/096834459900600402. ISSN 0968-3445. S2CID 159799137. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- Rozet, Albin; Lembey, J. F. (1910). L'invasion de la France et le siège de Saint-Dizier par Charles-Quint en 1544 d'après les dépeches italiennes de Francesco d'Este, de Hieronymo Feruffino, de Camillo Capilupo et de Bernardo Navager. Paris Plon-Nourrit. pp. 326–327. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- "Henry VIII: August 1544, 16-20". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- "Blar na Léine (BTL29)". portal.historicenvironment.scot. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Anderson, George; Anderson, Peter (1834). Guide to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, Including Orkney and Zetland: Descriptive of Their Scenery, Statistics, Antiquities, and Natural History : with Numerous Historical Notices. John Murray. p. 260. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Mémoires de la Société académique de l'arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer (in French). Société académique de l'arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer. 1886. pp. 371, 503. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Toppen, Max (1844). Die Gründung der Universität zu Königsberg und das Leben ihres ersten Rectors Georg Sabinus (in German). Königsberg: University of Königsberg Publishing. pp. 108–110. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Charles Loch Mowat (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: Reformation, 1520-1559. University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-521-34536-1.
- Barría González, Juan (1994). "Juan Bautista Pastene: Primer almirande del mar chileno" (PDF). Revista de Marina.
- Aguirre Cortes, Luis Enrique (2010). "Los Lafkenche y el "Descubrimiento" de Valdivia". De nuevas historias a nuevas ruralidades: El uso de las fuentes orales para el conocimiento de la localidad de Niebla - Valdivia (PDF) (BA). Austral University of Chile. pp. 52–53. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- "Henry VIII: October 1544, 7-10". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Roberts, J. (1994). History of the World. Penguin. ISBN 9780140154955.
- Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year 1913. Shanghai: Kelley & Walsh. 1913. p. 92. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ENGELHARD, DIETRICH VON (2011). "LUCA GHINI (1490-1556) IL PADRE FONDATORE DELLA BOTANICA MODERNA NEL CONTESTO DEI RAPPORTI SCIENTIFICI EUROPEI DEL SEDICESIMO SECOLO" (PDF). Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto. 27: 227–246. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Donaldson, Henry Herbert (1915). The Rat: Reference Tables and Data for the Albino Rat (Mus Norvegicus Albinus) and the Norway Rat (Mus Norvegicus). Wistar Institute Press. p. 12. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Shen, Virginia (2021). Voyages to Ilha Formosa: A Multicultural Perspective (PDF). National Technology and Social Science Virtual Conference. p. 163.
- Chow, P. (April 28, 2008). The "One China" Dilemma. Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-230-61193-1. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Hans Joachim Hillerbrand (1996). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-510363-2.
- Dietsche warande en Belfort (in Dutch). Den Gulden Engel. 1913. p. 25. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- "Gillis van Coninxloo (II)". rkd.nl. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- The Catholic Encyclopedia. Catholic Encyclopedia Incorporated. 1913. p. 86. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1985). Torquato Tasso. Angel Books. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-946162-19-2.
- Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1908). The Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 286. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Haeutle, Christian (1870). Genealogie des Erlauchten Stammhauses Wittelsbach: von dessen Wiedereinsetzung in das Herzogthum Bayern (11. Sept. 1180) bis herab auf unsere Tage (in German). Manz. p. 54. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Smith, Michael (1997). "William Gilbert (1544–1603): Physician and Founder of Electricity". Journal of Medical Biography. 5 (3): 137–145. doi:10.1177/096777209700500303. PMID 11619454. S2CID 31303087. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- "COMPTON, Henry I (1544-89)". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Baltische Studien (in German). Gesellschaft für Pommersche Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 1937. p. 232. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- "Gordon, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11061. Retrieved September 23, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of January 31, 1560". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- "H A ŞA N K Â Fİ PRUŠČAK". Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Back, Friedrich (1873). Die evangelische Kirche im Lande zwischen Rhein, Mosel, Nahe und Glan bis zum Beginn des 30jährigen Krieges: ¬Theil ¬II, ¬Die Reformation der Kirche sowie der Kirche Schicksale und Gestaltung bis zum Jahre 1620 ; Abth. 1 (in German). Marcus. p. 171. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Bauer, Max (1907). Die deutsche Frau in der Vergangenheit (in German). A. Schall. p. 341. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- White, Francis Overend (1898). Lives of the Elizabethan Bishops of the Anglican Church. Skeffington. p. 375. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Bushell, W. D. (January 19, 2012). Hobson's Conduit: The New River at Cambridge Commonly Called Hobson's River. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-108-04244-4. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Parsons, Laurel; Ravenscroft, Brenda (September 4, 2018). Analytical Essays on Music by Women Composers: Secular & Sacred Music to 1900. Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-023703-5. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Whetstone, George (1987). A critical edition of George Whetstone's 1582 An heptameron of civill discourses. New York: Garland. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-8240-8415-8. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- Brockhaus, Friedrich Arnold (1884). Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyclopädie für die gebildeten Stände (in German). istorical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. p. 346. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Meijer, Bernhard; Westrin, Theodor; Berg, Ruben Gustafsson; Söderberg, Verner; Fahlstedt, Eugen (1910). Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. Ny, rev. och rikt illustrerad uppl. ... (in Swedish). Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. p. 38. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- "Audley, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/896. Retrieved September 24, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Calmet, Augustin (1745). Histoire de Lorraine (in French). Chez A. Leseure. p. cclxvj. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Raak, Cees van (2003). Vorstelijk begraven en gedenken: funeraire geschiedenis van het huis Oranje-Nassau (in Dutch). Thoth. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-6868-334-9. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Grünberg, Paul (1917). Die Reformation und das Elsass: Festschrift z. 400-jährigen Jubelfeier der Reformation (in German). Trübner. p. 70. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Wulfert Greef (1993). The Writings of John Calvin: An Introductory Guide. Baker Books. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-85111-435-4.
- Sprague, T. A.; Sprague, M.S. (1939). "The Herbal of Valerius Cordus". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 52 (341): 1–113. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- "Blount, Charles, fifth Baron Mountjoy". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2682. Retrieved September 25, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of September 22, 1531". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Mellink, Albert Fredrik (1954). De wederdopers in de noordelijke nederlanden 1531-1544 (in Dutch). Wolters. p. 414. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Waugh, Scott L.; Diehl, Peter (July 18, 2002). Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-521-52509-1. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Renda, Umberto (1936). Teofilo Folengo (Merlin Cocai) (?1496-1544) (in Italian). G. B. Paravia & c. p. 16. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- O'Donovan, John (1851). Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland. Hodges and Smith. p. 137. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- "Burke, Ulick (de Burgh, Uilleag) ('Uilleag na gCeann')". www.dib.ie. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Li, Xifan (October 3, 2022). A General History of Chinese Art: Ming Dynasty. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 220. ISBN 978-3-11-079091-7. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- McCutcheon, Elizabeth; Gentrup, William (August 5, 2022). A Companion to Margaret More Roper Studies: Life Records, Essential Texts, and Critical Essays. CUA Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8132-3544-8. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- "Nilakantha - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
- Brosseder, Claudia (July 1, 2014). The Power of Huacas: Change and Resistance in the Andean World of Colonial Peru. University of Texas Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-292-75696-0. Retrieved September 25, 2023.