Background

Carlo Calenda, who had been active within Luca Cordero di Montezemolo's Future Italy, was an unsuccessful candidate for the centrist Civic Choice (SC) party in the 2013 general election. However, he served in various capacities (deputy minister, ambassador and minister) in the three governments of the 2013–2018 legislative term. In the aftermath of the 2018 general election, he officially joined the centre-left Democratic Party (PD).^[16]

We Are Europeans

In January 2019, Calenda launched a political manifesto named We Are Europeans (Siamo Europei), with the aim of creating a joint list composed of the PD and other progressive and pro-Europeanist parties for the upcoming European Parliament election.^[17] His proposal was welcomed by Nicola Zingaretti, then leader of the PD, but rejected by other parties within the centre-left coalition, including More Europe (+E) and Italia in Comune.^[18] In the run-up to the election, Zingaretti and Calenda presented a logo for their joint electoral list including a reference to We Are Europeans and the symbol of the Party of European Socialists.^[19] Additionally, they also joined with Article One, a left-wing party established in 2017 by splinters from the PD, led by former PD secretary Pier Luigi Bersani.^[20] The PD–SE joint list gained 22.7% of the vote, coming second after the League.^[21] Calenda, who ran in the North-East constituency, received more than 270,000 votes, thus becoming the most voted candidate of the list,^[22] and joined the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) group.

In August 2019, tensions grew within the coalition supporting the first government of Giuseppe Conte, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence by the League.^[23] During the following government crisis, the PD national board officially endorsed the possibility of forming a new cabinet in a coalition with the Five Star Movement (M5S),^[24] based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy.^[25] The party also agreed to keep Conte as the head of the new government,^[26] and on 29 August, President Sergio Mattarella re-appointed Conte as Prime Minister, this time at the head of a centre-left coalition.^[27] Calenda strongly opposed the new government, stating that the PD had renounced any representation of the "reformists",^[28] and that therefore it became necessary to establish a "liberal-progressive" movement.^[29] Calenda left the PD and on 5 September 2019, while Conte's second government was sworn in, announced the transformation of SE into a full-fledged party.^[30]

On 10 September 2019, Matteo Richetti, a prominent PD senator with a Catholic political upbringing^[31] and a close associate of former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, abstained in the vote of confidence on the new government, and subsequently exited the party.^[32] He stated that he would join forces with Calenda.^[33]

Road to the new party

In November 2019, SE was officially transformed into a new party named Action (Azione),^[34][35] which was organised also at the local level through the so-called "Action Groups" (Gruppi d'Azione).^[36] Calenda explained Action's "reformist" nature, while Richetti that "Action would not be a centrist party, but the true progressive pole of the country".^[37] Early donors of the party included Alberto Bombassei and Luciano Cimmino,^[38][39] both former MPs elected with SC.

In August 2020, two members of the Chamber of Deputies joined Action: former minister Enrico Costa, who had earlier left Forza Italia (FI)^[40] and a long-time advocate of reforms of the judiciary,^[41] and Nunzio Angiola, university professor and former member of the M5S.^[42]

In November 2020, deputies and senators affiliated with Action formed joint sub-groups in the Mixed Groups together with +E both in the Chamber and in the Senate. The sub-group in the Chamber counted four deputies, the one in the Senate three senators.^[43][44]

In March 2021, Carlo Cottarelli, a former director of the International Monetary Fund, was chosen by A, +E, the Italian Republican Party (PRI), the Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy (ALI) and The Liberals to head of a scientific committee designed to elaborate of a joint political program.^[45][46][47]

In the 2021 municipal election in Rome, Calenda came third with 19.8% of the vote and the "Calenda for Mayor" list, comprising A, +E, PRI, IV and other minor liberal and centrist groups, won 19.1% of the vote, becoming the most voted list, ahead of the PD (whose candidate, Roberto Gualtieri, had launched a parallel "Gualtieri for Mayor" list and was elected at in the run-off).

In November 2021, Calenda left the S&D group in the European Parliament, after that it was hinted that the M5S might have joined it, and switched to Renew Europe.^[48][49]

In January 2022, the party formed a federation with +E.^[50]

Founding congress

On 19–20 February 2022, the party held its first congress,^[51] during which Calenda was elected secretary, Richetti president, Emma Fattorini (a former senator of the PD) and Giulia Pastorella vice presidents.^[13] The assembly welcomed several guest speakers, notably including Stéphane Séjourné of Renew Europe, Enrico Letta of the PD, Giancarlo Giorgetti of the League, Antonio Tajani of FI and Ettore Rosato of IV, as well as Benedetto Della Vedova of +E and the representatives of the other liberal parties with which Action had been cooperating.^[52][53] Calenda explained that Action would dialogue with all main parties, except the M5S and the Brothers of Italy (FdI),^[54][55][56] whose leaders were not invited to participate in the congress.

A few days before the congress, Barbara Masini had switched from FI.^[57][58] In the coming weeks, senator Leonardo Grimani (ex-PD and ex-IV)^[59] and deputies Claudio Pedrazzini, Osvaldo Napoli and Daniela Ruffino (all three ex-FI and ex-Cambiamo!)^[60][61] and Giorgio Trizzino (ex-M5S)^[62] joined the party.

2022 general election

In July 2022, the M5S did not participate in a Senate's confidence vote on a government bill. Prime Minister Draghi offered his resignation, which was rejected by President Mattarella.^[63] After a few days, Draghi sought a confidence vote again to secure the government majority supporting his cabinet, while rejecting the proposal put forward by Lega and FI of a new government without the M5S.^[64] In that occasion, the M5S, Lega, FI and FdI did not participate in the vote.^[65] Consequently, Draghi tendered his final resignation to President Mattarella, who dissolved the houses of Parliament, leading to the 2022 general election.^[66][67] Calenda, who also had favoured a Draghi government without the M5S,^[68] was very critical of Lega and FI.

In the aftermath of Draghi's resignation, senator Andrea Cangini switched from FI to Action.^[69] In the event, Calenda hoped that also other leading dissidents of FI, including ministers Mariastella Gelmini and Mara Carfagna, could soon join the party.^[70] After Calenda's call, both Gelmini and Carfagna signalled that they would do so^[71][72] and were formally welcomed in the party during a press conference with Calenda.^[73] Contextually, other deputies followed the two ministers out of FI and joined Action.

In early August, Az/+E formed a political pact with the PD, that would give three candidates in single-seat constituencies to Az/+E for every seven candidates given to the PD.^[74][75] Less than a week later, Calenda announced that he was walking away from the pact because of the parallel alliances that the PD had signed with the Greens and Left Alliance (formed by Green Europe and Italian Left) and Civic Commitment (led by Luigi Di Maio and Bruno Tabacci).^[76][77][78] Calenda's decision caused the break-up of the federation with +E, as the latter's leaders wanted to continue their alliance with the PD.^[79][80][81] Finally, Action formed a joint electoral list with Matteo Renzi's Italia Viva (IV).^[82][83][84] The joint list obtained 7.8% of the vote.

In the aftermath of the election, during a national assembly in Naples, the party elected Carafagna as president with 84% of the delegates' vote, replacing Richetti, who had become the leader in the Chamber of Deputies. The party also approved a path toward a stable federation with IV with 93% of the vote.^[85][86][87]

After the election, Renzi frequently clashed with Calenda,^[88][89] leaving the alliance's future uncertain. In September 2023, Renzi announced that IV would run in the 2024 European Parliament election within a brand new coalition/list named "The Centre".^[90][91] This led former minister Elena Bonetti to leave the party in order to seek an alternative alliance with Action.^[92][93] Also Ettore Rosato, another IV leading member, was critical and seemed interested in joining Action, but, before leaving the party, he was expelled by Renzi.^[94][95] Subsequently, Bonetti and Rosato launched Populars Europeanists Reformers (PER).^[96] The pair finally joined Action in January 2024, with Bonetti becoming vice president and Rosato deputy secretary.^{[97][98][99][100]} Also in January, MP Federica Onori and MEP Fabio Massimo Castaldo switched from the M5S to Action.^[101]

In October 2023, having recently exited the European Democratic Party, Action joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE) as a full member.^[102][103] In March 2024 Action formed a federative pact with the Italian Republican Party (PRI).^[104] Subsequently, Action formed an alliance also with the European Republicans Movement (MRE).^[105]

2024 European Parliament election

In the run-up of the 2024 European Parliament election Action presented its "We are Europeans – Action" list, comprising also eight other parties or groups: NOS, PER, PRI, MRE, Liberal Socialist Association (LS), Liberal Democracy (DL), Reform Popular Civic Platform (PCPR) and Team K.^[106] Contextually, Italia Viva, More Europe, the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Radicals, the European Liberal Democrats and L'Italia c'è formed an alternative liberal and pro-Europeanist list named "United States of Europe".^[107][108] As a result, a minority of More Europe, including its president Federico Pizzarotti, left the party, joined Action and will be a candidate in the EP election.^[109][110]

Italian Parliament

More information Election year, Votes ...

Chamber of Deputies
Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
2022	Into A–IV	7.8	12 / 400	12	Carlo Calenda

Close

More information Election year, Votes ...

Senate of the Republic
Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
2022	Into A–IV	7.8	4 / 200	4	Carlo Calenda

Close

Regional Councils