Alan_R._White

Alan R. White

Alan R. White

Canadian analytic philosopher (1922–1992)

Not to be confused with Alan White (American philosopher).

Alan Richard White (9 October 1922 – 23 February 1992) was an analytic philosopher who worked mainly in epistemology, the philosophy of mind, and, latterly, legal philosophy. Peter Hacker notes that he was "the most skillful developer of Rylean ... ideas in philosophical psychology" and that "if anyone surpassed Austin in subtlety and refinement in the discrimination of grammatical differences, it was White."[2] Richard Swinburne remarks that "during the heyday of 'ordinary language philosophy' no tongue practised it better."[3]

Quick Facts Born, Died ...

Biography

Alan R. White (as he was usually cited)[4] was born in Toronto on 9 October 1922, the elder of two sons born to Irish emigrants George Albert White (1888–1940), an estate agent from Strabane, and Jean Gabriel (Kingston) White (1888–1957).[5] Following their parents' separation in the early 1930s, both brothers moved with their Catholic mother when she returned to her hometown of Cork (where she would work in the drapery trade). There they would be educated in the Protestant faith of their father as boarders at Middleton College until the sixth form. White then transferred to (the Catholic) Presentation College, Cork, to prepare for entrance to Trinity College, Dublin.[5] Despite his religious schooling, within only a few years White would become, as academic colleague Paul Gilbert notes, "a keen atheist."[5]

White was admitted to Trinity in 1941 with a junior exhibition and a sizarship in classics.[5] During his time there he served as president of the University Philosophical Society.[6][7] He graduated in 1945 with firsts in both classics and 'mental and moral science' (philosophy) .[5] He is said. reports David J. Matheson, to have scored over 100 per cent in some of his exams by taking them in Irish, for which extra credit was given.[6][8] Other achievements during his time as an undergraduate included prizes for Hegelian philosophy and flyweight.boxing.[5] That he was also "pugnacious" outside the ring is attested to by Trinity philosopher A. A. Luce who records that the two had "many a battle" when White was a student in his class.[9]

Also through this time, which coincided with "The Emergency" of World War II, White served with the Local Defence Force in the 42nd Dublin Rifle Battalion.[10][11] After graduation he remained at Trinity for a year to pursue further studies in classics and serve as a deputy lecturer in logic.[11]

In 1946 White was appointed as an assistant lecturer in the department of philosophy and psychology at the (then) University College of Hull,[12] the departmental staff initially consisting solely of himself and Professor T. E. Jessop.[5] White obtained this position on the recommendation of Luce[8][13] who had contributed the "Inventory of the Manuscript Remains" to Jessop's A Bibliography of George Berkeley (1934).[14]

Prior to his arrival, Jessop had performed all the teaching duties for both philosophy and psychology.[8] And though Hull's first dedicated psychology lecturer, George Westby, was appointed around the same time as White,[15] the latter would himself also teach psychology as well as philosophy students long after the college acquired university status in 1954 and two separate departments were formed.[5] Ullin Place records that, with the "connivance" of White, Westby. a fellow Rylean, succeeded in making Hull's psychology department "a center for a distinctive amalgam of ordinary language philosophy and behavioral psychology" in its early years.[16] And Westby himself records White's "invaluable co-operation" in initiating and running the three-year "Philosophical Problems of the Sciences" course. The same having been intended to ensure psychology students appreciated "it is impossible to have a purely technical scientific language," [17] a thorough examination of 'Mental' concepts being, as White notes, a necessary preparation "even for those whose chief interest is in the science of psychology."[18]

Within the philosophy department, White progressed to the positions of Lecturer and then Senior Lecturer, succeeding Jessop to become the second Ferens Professor of Philosophy in 1961 (a post he retained until his early retirement in 1985).[11][5] At Hull he would also serve as dean of arts (1969–71) and as pro-vice-chancellor (1976–79).[5]

In 1958 White completed his PhD at the University of London under the supervision of A.J. Ayer, with a thesis on "The Method of Analysis In the Philosophy of G. E. Moore."[11][19][20] That same year would see the publication of the fruits of this research in his first book G.E. Moore: a Critical Exposition.[21][22]

White was a visiting professor at numerous American universities including the University of Maryland (1967–68, 1980), Temple University (1974), Simon Fraser University (1983), the University of Delaware (1986) and Bowling Green State University (1988).[11] He also became known to the first generation of 'third year' students of philosophy at the Open University, participating in a BBC televised discussion on perception[23] that was annually repeated as part of the 'A303, Problems of philosophy' correspondence course which ran from 1973 until 1981.[24][25]

He also served as Secretary, and then president, of the Mind Association and as president of the Aristotelian Society.[6][26]

White retired to Nottingham, and was as appointed Special Professor of Philosophy at the university there in 1986.[26]

In the last decade of his life, as Hacker notes, White worked on jurisprudential problems pertaining to action, intention, voluntariness, negligence and recklessness.[2]

He died at his home in Sherwood, Nottingham on 23 February 1992.[5]

His papers, previously held in the Brynmor Jones Library, are now housed at the Hull History Centre.[26]

A volume of White's selected papers, as edited by Constantine Sandis (who credits White's Grounds of Liability as "a huge influence")[27] with John Preston and David Dolby is forthcoming.[28][29]

Works

Authored books/monographs

Edited books

Papers/book chapters

A listing of White's publications that includes Reviews can be found at PhilPapers.[107]

References

  1. [1]
    Hull Daily Mail, Friday 13 August 1948, p.2, "MARRIAGES WHITE —JARVIS.—At. All Saints Church. Hessle, on Aug. 12th, 1948, Alan R. White, B.A., University Col, Hull, eldest son of Mrs and the late Mr G. A. White, of Cork, Eire, to Eileen, only daughter of Mr and Mrs A. E. Jarvls, Oaklands-drive Hessle."
  2. [2]
    Hacker, P. M. S. (1997). "Notes". Wittgenstein's place in twentieth-century analytic philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 314. ISBN 0-631-20098-3. OCLC 33207191. Archived from the original on 30 May 2021. White, whose work has not had the influence it merits, was the most skilful developer of Rylean and, to a lesser degree, Wittgensteinian ideas in philosophical psychology. His early work Attention (1964) was a thorough, refined development of Ryle's remarks on 'heed concepts' (see Concept of Mind, pp. 135-49), viz. attending, noticing, awareness, consciousness, realization, care, etc. His later The Nature of Knowledge (1982) was an equally exhaustive investigation of the concepts of knowledge, knowing how and knowing that, the objects of knowledge, and the relation of knowledge to belief. If anyone surpassed Austin in subtlety and refinement in the discrimination of grammatical differences, it was White. His linguistic imagination was, I think, unparalleled, and he applied it with great finesse to a wide range of problems. In the last decade of his life he also worked on jurisprudential problems pertaining to action, intention, voluntariness, negligence and recklessness (Grounds of Liability, an Introduction to the Philosophy of Law (1985) and Misleading Cases (1991).
  3. [3]
    Swinburne, Richard (27 February 1992). "Words and Wittgenstein". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  4. [4]
    though sometimes also cited as "A. R. White"
  5. [5]
    Gilbert, Paul (2004). "White, Alan Richard (1922–1992), philosopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2019. Also available for loan/preview via the Internet Archive in ODNB Vol.58 (2004) pp.539-540 (Free registration required for volume loan.)
  6. [6]
    Matheson, David J., "White, Alan Richard (1922—92)".(2005), in The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy (2006) ISBN 9780199754694,
  7. [7]
    "Papers of Professor Alan Richard White". Archives Hub. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  8. [8]
    Stephen A. Burwood, University of Hull Department of Philosophy. "A Brief History of the Department". Archived from the original on 18 November 2002. Retrieved 1 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  9. [9]
    Luce, A. A. (1959). "Review of G. E. Moore. A Critical Exposition". Hermathena (93): 94. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 23039142.
  10. [10]
    "Alan R(ichard) White." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2003
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    "White, Prof. Alan Richard, (9 Oct. 1922 – 23 Feb. 1992), Ferens Professor of Philosophy in the University of Hull, 1961–89". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U176201. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  12. [12]
    an academic institution that presented its undergraduates for external degrees at the University of London
  13. [13]
    Anon. (7 March 1992). "Prof Alan R. White". The Times. p. 15. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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    Berman, David (1977). "A bibliography of the published writings of Dr A. A. Luce". Hermathena (123): 17. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 23040425.
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    Howarth, Ian (1984). "Obituary - George Westby". Bulletin of the British Psychological Society. 37: 339.
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    Place, U. T. (1992). "Behaviorism and behavior analysis in Britain: An historical overview." The ABA Newsletter, 15, 5–7.
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    Westby, George (1966). "Psychology today: problems and directions," Bulletin of the British Psychological Society. 19 (65): 1–19. p.10
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    WHITE, A. R. (1961): "Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology," . Mimeographed . Dept. of Philosophy, University of Hull. quoted in: Westby, George (1966). "Psychology today: problems and directions," Bulletin of the British Psychological Society. 19 (65): 1–19. p.10
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    Hull History Centre: Papers of Professor Alan Richard White UDAW Papers of Professor Alan Richard White c.1945-1992
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    "Senate House Libraries / ULTHESES". catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
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    Snowdon, Paul (2007). "G. E. Moore on Sense-data and Perception" (PDF). Themes from G.E. Moore : new essays in epistemology and ethics. Susana Nuccetelli, Gary Seay. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-153592-5. OCLC 225130807. In 1958, the year of Moore's death, Professor A. R. White published his book G. E. Moore: A Critical Exposition. White's study, though now, presumably, rarely read, is extremely acute and based on a close reading of Moore's work as he knew it.
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    White, Alan R. (1958). G. E. Moore; a critical exposition. Internet Archive. Oxford, B. Blackwell.
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    [video] "Perception - Open University Digital Archive". www.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-01
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    Description of 'Papers of Professor Alan Richard White, c.1945-1992. Hull University Archives, Hull History Centre. GB 50 U DAW' on the Archives Hub website, , (date accessed :30/03/2021)
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    "25 Constantine Sandis (Hertfordshire)". Philosophy of Action. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
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    "JMP Work in Progress". www.reading.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
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    Malcolm, Norman, "Critical Notice," (Mind, New Series, Vol. 69, No. 273, Jan 1960, pp. 92-98), "Except for parts of the chapters on philosophical analysis White's book is regrettably dull. The reports and classifications of Moore's opinions and arguments are tedious. In the final chapter, the comparison of Moore to Reid and Berkeley is too brief to be of any value and the second half, on Moore's contemporaries, is a pot-pourri of rapid and superficial remarks about a host of philosophers. It is difficult to imagine what the author thought the good of it might have been. Lacking depth, accuracy and fresh insight, this work will hardly remind the reader of the exciting qualities of Moore's writings." (p.98)
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    Revised and reprinted in White (1967)
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    White's treatment of 'recklessness' therein is a 'point of departure' in: Winslade, William J. "Recklessness." Analysis, vol. 30, no. 4, 1970, pp. 135–140.
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    Harrison, Jonathan (1985). "Recent Work in Epistemology". The Philosophical Quarterly. 35 (138): 95–104. doi:10.2307/2219555. ISSN 0031-8094. JSTOR 2219555. Professor White tells us that his book is about the nature of knowledge, rather than about claims to knowledge. The chapter headings, "The Objects of Knowledge", "The Extent of Knowledge", "Criteria of Knowledge" and "Theories of Knowledge", however, make its coverage look wider than it is, By "the objects of knowledge", for example, White does not mean such things as mathematics or science, but the different words and phrases that can follow the verb 'know', like 'who', 'what', 'how', 'the colour of" 'French', 'The Ballad of Reading Gaol', 'a man to be honest', 'that the battle was lost'. By talking of the extent of human knowledge White might be expected to be discussing whether it extends to knowledge of the past, the future, other minds, the existence and attributes of the deity, or metaphysics. In fact he is mainly concerned with whether anything that can be believed can also be known, or whether those things which can be believed cannot be known [...] Within its self-imposed limits Professor White has written a clear, concise, well organised, witty, sensitive, elegant, subtle, original and enlightening account of the nature of knowledge.
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    a response to: Ryle, Gilbert. "Ordinary Language." The Philosophical Review, vol. 62, no. 2, 1953, pp. 167–186.
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    responded to in: Mayo, Bernard. "Truth as Appraisal." Mind, vol. 68, no. 269, 1959, pp. 80–86, and Khatchadourian, Haig. "Truth as Appraisal." Mind, vol. 71, no. 283, 1962, pp. 387–391.
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    Pieper, Vincenz (2 September 2019). Philologische Erkenntnis: Eine Untersuchung zu den begrifflichen Grundlagen der Literaturforschung (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-062590-5.
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    a reply to Searle, J, (1966) "Assertions and Aberrations" in British Analytical Philosophy. Bernard Williams and Alan Montefiore.(eds.), also reprinted in Fann (1969) (the latter collection also being a title White reviewed for The Philosophical Quarterly)
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    Emmett, Kathleen; Machamer, Peter (7 April 2017). Perception: An Annotated Bibliography. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-53315-5. Discussion of Anscombe's view that perceptual verbs are intentional. White counters this with a distinction between elliptical and non-elliptical- uses of words to explain the apparent divergent senses of perceptual terms which Anscombe's thesis was introduced to explain.
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    Tallon, Liam (June 1971). "[Review] Studies in the Theory of Knowledge. American Philosophical Quarterly Monograph Series, No. 4. Edited by Nicholas Rescher. . ". Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review / Revue canadienne de philosophie. 10 (2): 384–386. doi:10.1017/S0012217300050241. ISSN 1759-0949. S2CID 170406120. Easily the most difficult but perhaps the most significant of [these essays] is "What Might Have Been", in which Alan R. White examines the relations of could have, may have, and might have, three concepts which embody aspects of the wider notion of possibility. Professor White notes that the question whether someone could have done other than what he did in fact do is central to the problem of freewill and determinism, just as the question whether something may have or might have happened other than what is believed to have happened is central to the thesis of scepticism. Part of his purpose in writing the essay is to help clarify such problems. Anyone at all interested in possibility or its cognates will benefit not only from White's positive views on the subject, but also from his criticisms of the views of other writers, including G. E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, and Norman Malcolm.
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    see Grounds of Liability "Future Truths"
  96. [96]
    • see "Intention" in Grounds of Liability p.72-91 (and, also, "Austin as philosophical analyst" p.390-394
  97. [97]
    "Knowledge Without Conviction". The philosopher's annual. Volume 1. 1978. Internet Archive. Oxford : B. Blackwell. 1978. ISBN 978-0-631-10281-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  98. [98]
    see "The nature of the Actus Reus" in Grounds of Liability for discussion of related matters
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    "unfortunately the notion of a proposition was one of Russell's more kaleidoscopic notions, as Alan R. White has shown." Dejnozka, J. "The ontological foundation of Russell's theory of modality". Erkenntnis 32, 383–418 (1990).
  100. [100]
    rejoinder: Newton, Natika. "Visualizing Is Imagining Seeing: A Reply to White." Analysis, vol. 49, no. 2, 1989, pp. 77–81,
  101. [101]
    a reply to: Stoljar, Samuel. "White on Rights and Claims." Law and Philosophy, vol. 4, no. 1, 1985, pp. 101–114.(the same being a rejoinder to White's "Rights and Claims")
  102. [102]
    rejoinder: Newton, Natika. "Visualizing Is Imagining Seeing: A Reply to White." vol. 49, no. 2, 1989, pp. 77–81, replied to in White's "Imaginary Imagining"
  103. [103]
    a response to Newton, Natika. "Visualizing Is Imagining Seeing: A Reply to White." Analysis, vol. 49, no. 2, 1989, pp. 77–81 (the same being a criticism of White's "Visualising and Imagining Seeing")
  104. [104]
    Dolinko, David (1993). "Review of Liability and Responsibility: Essays in Law and Morals". Ethics. 103 (2): 401–403. doi:10.1086/293513. ISSN 0014-1704. JSTOR 2381540.
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    "an amusing and informative paper that argues, first, that suspicion, unlike belief, does admit of degrees (p. 81), and second, that suspicion is not a belief but is, roughly, an inclination to believe (p. 86)." [Review] "Wittgenstein's Intentions" Mcdonough, Richard (1995), Dialogue p.420 doi:10.1017/S0012217300014876
  106. [106]
    "In a brief, obscure, and entirely unheralded paper ... Alan White has argued there are reasons to doubt that suspicion should be classified as a weak form of belief. White contends that whereas belief does not admit of degrees, suspicion clearly does. ... White argues that unlike suspicions, which can be more or less strong, holding a belief is a digital concept – a belief is either held or it is not. Any variance in the strength of a belief is actually a variance in the conviction with which one holds the belief ... By contrast, suspicion itself clearly admits of degrees ... Unlike beliefs, it is the suspicion itself that comes in degrees rather than some additional quality attaching to the suspicion." Levi, Benjamin; Loeben, Greg (2004-07-01). "Index of suspicion: feeling not believing". Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 25 (4): 277–310.doi:10.1007/s11017-004-3136-8.
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    "Works by White, Alan R." PhilPapers. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
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