This is a list of American mathematicians.

• James Waddell Alexander II (1888–1971)
• Stephanie B. Alexander, elected in 2014 as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to geometry, for high-quality exposition, and for exceptional teaching of mathematics"
• Linda J. S. Allen
• Ann S. Almgren, applied mathematician who works as a senior scientist and group leader of the Center for Computational Sciences and Engineering at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
• Frederick Almgren (1933–1997)
• Beverly Anderson (b. 1943)
• Natascha Artin Brunswick (1909–2003)
• Tamara Awerbuch-Friedlander
• Wealthy Babcock (1895–1990)
• Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)
• Augustin Banyaga (b. 1947)
• Ruth Aaronson Bari (1917–2005)
• Janet Barnett
• Jon Barwise (1942–2000)
• Richard Bellman (1920–1984)
• Leonid Berlyand (b. 1957)
• Leah Berman (b. 1976)
• Manjul Bhargava (b. 1974)
• George David Birkhoff (1884–1944)
• David Blackwell (1919–2010)
• Archie Blake (b. 1906)
• Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838)
• Felix Browder (1927–2016)
• William Browder (b. 1934), pioneered the surgery theory method for classifying high-dimensional manifolds.
• Marjorie Lee Browne (1914–1979), taught at North Carolina Central University
• Robert Daniel Carmichael (1879–1967)
• Sun-Yung Alice Chang (b. 1948), researcher in mathematical analysis
• Alonzo Church (1903–1995)
• William Schieffelin Claytor (1908–1967), third African-American to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics, University of Pennsylvania^[1][2]
• Paul Cohen (1934–2007)
• Don Coppersmith (b. 1950), cryptographer, first four-time Putnam Fellow in history
• Elbert Frank Cox (1895–1969), first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics, Cornell University
• Laura Demarco (?), researcher in dynamical systems and complex analysis
• Joseph J. Dennis (1905–1977), Clark College
• Joseph L. Doob (1910–2004)
• Jesse Douglas (1897–1965)
• Samuel Eilenberg (1913–1998)
• Noam Elkies (b. 1966), mathematical prodigy who works in computational number theory
• Jerald Ericksen (1924–2021)
• Alex Eskin (b. 1965), researcher in rational billiards and geometric group theory
• Christina Eubanks-Turner, American mathematics educator, graph theorist, and commutative algebraist
• Etta Zuber Falconer (1933–2002)
• Benson Farb (b. 1965), researcher in geometric group theory and low-dimensional topology
• Lisa Fauci, applied mathematician who applies computational fluid dynamics to biological processes
• Charles Fefferman (b. 1949)
• Henry Burchard Fine (1858–1928)
• Erica Flapan (b. 1956), researcher in low-dimensional topology and knot theory
• Alfred Leon Foster (1904–1994)
• Ralph Fox (1913–1973)
• Michael Freedman (b. 1951)
• Murray Gerstenhaber (b. 1927)
• Andrew M. Gleason (1921–2008), WWII codebreaker, major contributor in solving Hilbert's 5th Problem ("restricted" version).
• Thomas Godfrey (1704–1749)
• Ralph E. Gomory (b. 1929)
• Daniel Gorenstein (1923–1992)
• Ronald Graham (1935–2020)
• Evelyn Boyd Granville (1924–2023)
• Phillip Griffiths (b. 1938), major contributor to complex manifold approach to algebraic geometry
• Frank Harary (1921–2005)
• Joe Harris (mathematician) (b. 1951), prolific researcher and expositor of algebraic geometry
• Euphemia Haynes (1890–1980), first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics
• Gloria Conyers Hewitt (b. 1935)
• George William Hill (1838–1914)
• Einar Hille (1894–1980)
• Alston Scott Householder (1904–1993)
• Nathan Jacobson (1910–1999)
• Clifford Victor Johnson, awarded B.S. from Imperial College in 1989
• Katherine Johnson (1918–2020)
• Theodore Kaczynski (1942–2023)
• Howard Jerome Keisler (b. 1936)
• Victor Klee (1925–2007)
• Holly Krieger
• Harold W. Kuhn (1925–2014)
• Kenneth Kunen (1943–2020)
• Solomon Lefschetz (1884–1972)
• Suzanne Lenhart (b. 1954) researcher in partial differential equations; president of the Association for Women in Mathematics, 2001–2003
• James Lepowsky (b. 1944)
• Marie Litzinger (1899–1952), number theorist
• Jacob Lurie (b. 1977), developed derived algebraic geometry
• Saunders Mac Lane (1909–2005)
• W. T. Martin (1911–2004)
• William S. Massey (1920–2017)
• John N. Mather (1942–2017)
• J. Peter May (b. 1939), researcher in algebraic topology, category theory, homotopy theory, and the foundational aspects of spectra
• Barry Mazur (b. 1937)
• Curtis T. McMullen (b. 1958)
• Elliott Mendelson (1931–2020)
• Winifred Edgerton Merrill (1862–1951)
• Kelly Miller (1863–1939)
• Kenneth Millett (b. 1941)
• John Milnor (b. 1931)
• Susan Montgomery (b. 1943)
• E. H. Moore (1862–1932)
• Marston Morse (1892–1977)
• George Mostow (1923–2017)
• Frederick Mosteller (1916–2006)
• David Mumford (b. 1937)
• John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928–2015)
• Edward Nelson (1932–2014)
• Walter Noll (1925–2017)
• Michael O'Nan (1943–2017)
• Richard Palais (b. 1931)
• Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880)
• Javier Perez-Capdevila (b. 1963)
• Vera Pless (1931–2020), mathematician specialized in combinatorics and coding theory
• Daniel Quillen (1940–2011)
• Charles Reason (1818–1893)
• Jeffrey B. Remmel (1948–2017)
• Joseph Ritt (1893–1951)
• Fred S. Roberts (b. 1943)
• Herbert Robbins (1915–2001)
• Julia Robinson (1919–1985), contributor to Hilbert's tenth problem
• J. Barkley Rosser (1907–1989)
• Gerald Sacks (1933–2019)
• Thomas Jerome Schaefer
• Dana Scott (b. 1932)
• James Serrin (1926–2012)
• Claude Shannon (1916–2001)
• Isadore Singer (1924–2021)
• Charles Coffin Sims (1938–2017)
• George Seligman (b. 1927)
• Stephen Smale (b. 1930)
• Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017)
• Edwin Spanier (1921–1996)
• Norman Steenrod (1910–1971)
• Elias M. Stein (1931–2018)
• Clarence F. Stephens (1917–2018)
• Lee Stiff (1949–2021)^[3]
• Marshall Harvey Stone (1903–1989)
• Theodore Strong (1790–1869)
• Terence Tao (b. 1975)
• John Tate (1925–2019)
• Jean Taylor (b. 1944)
• John G. Thompson (b. 1932)
• Sister Mary Domitilla Thuener (1880–1977)
• William Thurston (1936–2012)^[4][5]
• Clifford Truesdell (1919–2000)
• John Tukey (1915–2000)
• John Urschel (b. 1991)
• Dorothy Vaughan (1910–2008)
• Oswald Veblen (1880–1960)
• Mary Shore Walker (1882–1952)
• William C. Waterhouse (1941–2016)
• Herbert Wilf (1931–2012)
• J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. (1923–2011)
• Amie Wilkinson (b. 1968), researcher in dynamical systems, ergodic theory, chaos theory and semisimple Lie groups
• Hassler Whitney (1907–1989)
• Dudley Weldon Woodard (1881–1965), second African-American to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics, University of Pennsylvania
• Margaret H. Wright (b. 1944), first woman president of Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics