Amrit_Savaiye

<i>Dasam Granth</i>

Dasam Granth

Secondary scripture of Sikhism

The Dasam Granth (Gurmukhi: ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ dasama gratha) is a collection of various poetic compositions attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.[4][5][6][7] The text enjoyed an equal status with the Adi Granth, or Guru Granth Sahib, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and were installed side by side on the same platform.[8] The Dasam Granth lost favor during the colonial period when reformist Singh Sabha Movement scholars couldn't contextualize the reworkings of Puranic stories or the vast collection of 'Tales of Deceit' Sri Charitropakhyan.[9]

Quick Facts Dasam Granth ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ, Information ...

The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.[6][4] These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the Braj language (Old western Hindi),[6] with some parts in Avadhi, Punjabi, Hindi and Persian.[4] The script is written almost entirely in Gurmukhi, except for the Guru Gobind Singh's letters to Aurangzeb—Zafarnama and the Hikaaitaan—written in the Persian alphabet.[4]

The Dasam Granth contains hymns, from Hindu texts,[5] which are a retelling of the feminine in the form of goddess Durga,[10][5] an autobiography, letter to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology.[6] The scripture was recited in full within Nirmala Sikhs in the contemporary era.[7][11] Parts of it are retold from Hindu Puranas, for the benefit of the common man, who had no access to Hindu texts of the time.[7] Compositions of the Dasam Granth include Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye and Kabiyo Baach Benti Chaupai which are part of the Nitnem or daily prayers and also part of the Amrit Sanchar or initiation ceremony of Khalsa Sikhs.[12]

Zafarnama and Hikayats in a different style and format appended to it in the mid 18th century.[11] Other manuscripts are said to include the Patna Birs and the Mani Singh Vali bir all originated in mid to late 18th century. One of the 1698 CE Patna Manuscripts includes various apocryphal writings such as the Ugradanti and Bhagauti Astotar.[11]

Authorship

Although the compositions of the Dasam Granth are traditionally accepted to be written by Guru Gobind Singh, there have been questions of the authenticity of the entirety of Dasam Granth from time of compilation. There are three major views on the authorship of the Dasam Granth:[13]

  1. The traditional view is that the entire work was composed by Guru Gobind Singh himself.
  2. The entire collection was compiled by the poets in the Guru's entourage.
  3. Only a part of the work was composed by the Guru, while the rest was composed by the other poets.

In his religious court at Paonta Sahib and Anandpur Guru Gobind Singh had employed 52 poets, who translated several classical texts into Braj Bhasha. Most of the writing compiled at Paonta Sahib was lost while the Guru's camp was crossing the Sirsa river before the Battle of Chamkaur in 1704.[14] There were copiers available at the Guru's place who made several copies of the writings, and other writings may have been included too which may have led to authenticity issues. There is a theory that later, Bhai Mani Singh compiled all the available works under the title Dasam Granth.[15]

Traditionalist scholars claim that all the works in Dasam Granth were composed by the Guru himself, often on the basis of a letter attributed to Bhai Mani Singh. The veracity of this letter has been examined by scholars and found to be unreliable.[16] Syan (2013) notes, "Neither in colonial nor post-colonial Sikhism has the issue of the Dasam Granth authorship been satisfactorily resolved. What is germane, however, is that pre-colonial Sikh society wholeheartedly accepted the Dasam Granth as the work of Guru Gobind Singh."[17]

Historical writings

The following are historical books after the demise of Guru Gobind Singh which mention that the compositions in the present Dasam Granth was written by Guru Gobind Singh:

  • Rehitnama Bhai Nand Lal mentioned Jaap Sahib is an important Bani for a Sikh.[18]
  • Rehitnama Chaupa Singh Chibber quotes various lines from Bachitar Natak, 33 Swiayey, Chaupai Sahib, Jaap Sahib.[19]
  • In 1711, Sri Gur Sobha was written by the poet Senapat and mentioned a conversation of Guru Gobind Singh and Akal Purakh, and written three of its Adhyay on base of Bachitar Natak.[20]
  • In 1741, Parchian Srvadas Kian quoted lines from Rama Avtar, 33 Swaiyey, and mentioned Zafarnama with Hikayats.[21]
  • in 1751, Gurbilas Patshahi 10 – Koyar Singh Kalal, mentioned Guru Gobind Singh composed Bachitar Natak, Krisna Avtar, Bisan Avtar, Akal Ustat, Jaap Sahib, Zafarnama, Hikayats etc. This is first Granth mentioned Guruship of Guru Granth Shahib.[22]
  • In 1766, Kesar Singh Chibber in Bansavalinama writes that Guru Gobind Singh ordered the Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth be kept separate.[23] Kesar Singh frequently quotes Ugardanti, Bachitar Natak, Khalsa Mehima and many other compositions.[24]
  • In 1766, Sri Guru Mahima Parkash – Sarup Chand Bhalla, mentioned about various Banis of Guru Gobind Singh and compilation of Dasam Granth
  • In 1790, Guru Kian Sakhian – Svarup Singh Kashish, mentioned Guru Gobind Singh composed, Bachitar Natak, Krishna Avtar, Shastarnaam Mala, 33 Swaiyey etc.
  • In 1797, Gurbilas Patshahi 10 – Sukkha Singh, mentioned compositions of Guru Gobind Singh.
  • In 1812, J. B. Malcolm, in Sketch of Sikhs mentioned the Dasam Granth as Bani of Guru Gobind Singh.

Structure

The standard print edition of the Dasam Granth, since 1902, has 1,428 pages.[6][4][25]

The standard official edition contains 17,293 verses in 18 sections.[6][4] These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the Braj Bhasha (Old western Hindi),[6] with some parts in Avadhi, Punjabi, Hindi, and the Persian language.[4] The script is almost entirely the Gurmukhi script except for the letter of the Sikh Guru to Aurangzeb – Zafarnama, and the Hikayat in the Persian script.[4]

Contents

The Dasam Granth has many sections covering a wide range of topics:

More information No., Bani Title ...

Ugardanti

Ugardanti (Punjabi: ਉਗ੍ਰਦੰਤੀ, pronunciation: [ʊɡɾd̪aɛt̪iː]) is a poetic composition said to be written by Guru Gobind Singh, after the creation of the Khalsa Panth at Anandpur Sahib. The composition is present in Dasam Granth Bir Patna Sahib. The bani contains information about the creation of the Khalsa Panth, the dress code of the Sikhs, and is strictly against ritualism.[48]

Etymologically, Ugardanti is a feminine term made of two words, Ugar means Fierce and Danti means Tooth.[49] One having Fierce Tooth, is called Ugardanti. Guru Gobind Singh Ji invokes Adi Shakti in the form of the Fierce Toothed Ugardanti, writing various attributes of Ugardanti and asking for blessings and protection for the prosperity of the new Panth which is free from hypocrisy, ritualism, casteism, human worship and worships only One Non-Dual God.

In Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian ka (1769), the author Kesar Singh Chibbar explains and quotes a few passages from Guru Gobind Singh's Ugardanti.[50]

In Hum Hindu Nahi(1898 ), the author Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha, believed that Ugardanti Bani was not written by Guru Gobind Singh but by Bhai Sukha Singh, a priest at Patna.[51] However, Sukha Singh's works came into being after the Bansavalinama of Kesar Singh Chibbar.

Nihang and Namdhari Sikhs believe it to be written by Guru Gobind Singh and is part of their daily liturgy. It was and is read to inspire warriors to stand up for truth and righteousness in the face of tyranny and oppression. The Composition is divided into six verses called Chhands in which the syllables and the rhythm are arranged in a precisely controlled pattern. The Type of Chhandd used is Bhagvati Chhand.

Tav-Prasad Savaiye

Tav-Prasad Savaiye (Punjabi: ਤ੍ਵਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ਸ੍ਵਯੇ, pronunciation: [t̪ʋᵊəpɾʱəsäːd̪ sʋⁱ˸je], lit. ‘exclusively you, in war song meter’) is a short composition of 10 stanzas which is part of daily liturgy among Sikhs (Nitnem). It was penned down by Guru Gobind Singh and is part of his composition Akal Ustat (The praise of God).[52] This is an important composition which is read during Amrit Sanchar. This Bani appears in the Dasam Granth on pages 13 to 15, starting from Stanza 21 of Akal Ustat.

Tavprasad means with thy grace.[53] This composition strongly rejects idolatry, pilgrimages, grave worshiping, samadhis of yogis and other ritualistic beliefs of Hinduism, Jainism and Islam as being of no use in attaining God if performed without the love of God and all his creation . It is included in Nitnem, the daily morning prayers of Sikhs, and recited after completing Jaap Sahib. It starts with Sravag Sudh Samuh Sidhan Ke and goes up to Koor Kriya Urjheo Sab Hi Jag. Among many famous quotes from Tav-Prasad Savaiye, "Jin Prem Kiyo Tin Hi Prabhu Paayo" is widely quoted by different scholars of different religions. In Dialogues on Universal Responsibility and Education, the Dalai Lama quoted it while giving lessons on love.[54]

Tav-Prasad Savaiye is very important part of the Nitnem. Among other things Nitnem works as a shield for the Khalsa (Khalsa is a perfect human being, which is the vision of Guru Gobind Singh by the orders of Akal Purkh. Such a human is perfectly capable of defending himself and others from the attacks of enemy(both spiritual and temporal)). Specifically Savaiye act as a shield against the attacks of Pride, Ignorance, Hatred, Hypocrisy and Delusions.

Role in Sikh liturgy, access

The compositions within Dasam Granth play a huge role in Sikh liturgy, which is prescribed by Sikh Rehat Maryada:

  • Jaap Sahib is part of Nitnem, which Sikh recites daily in morning.[55][56]
  • Tav-Prasad Savaiye, again a bani of Nitnem, is part of Akal Ustat composition, which is recited daily in morning along with above.[55]
  • Benti Chaupai, is part of Sri Charitropakhyan, which is recited in morning as well as evening prayers.[56]
  • Jaap, Tav Prasad Savaiye and Chaupai are read while preparing Khande Batey Ki Pahul for Khalsa initiation.[12]
  • The first stanza of the Sikh ardās is from Chandi di Var.[12]
  • As per Sikh Rehat Maryada, a stanza of Chaubis Avtar, "pae gahe jab te tumre", should be comprised in So Dar Rehras.[57]

In the Nihang tradition – considered heretical by the Khalsa Sikhs,[58] the Dasam Granth is given equal scriptural status as the Adi Granth (first volume).[59] Chandi di Var is also an important prayer among Nihang and Namdhari Sikhs.[citation needed]

Except for the liturgical portions and some cherrypicked verses of the Dasam Granth that are widely shared and used, few Sikhs have read the complete Dasam Granth or know its contents.[60] Most do not have access to it in its entirety, as the generic printed or translated versions do not include all its sections and verses.[43] In its history, the entire text was in the active possession of the Khalsa soldiers.[note 1]

Manuscripts

Acclaimed letter of Bhai Mani Singh discussing the compilation of various banis of Dasam Granth

The oldest manuscript of Dasam Granth is likely the Anandpuri Hazuri Bir (Not to be confused with the Anandpuri Marco Adi Granth). It is dated to 1698 CE. A few folio pages were definitely added later (Zafarnama and Hikayats), because they were composed after 1700 (circa 1705 CE), and are in a different style and format, and lack the folio numbers present on all pages elsewhere. These letters of Guru Gobind Singh may have been appended in the early 18th century.[11] According to another view, the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete text is dated to 1713 CE (Bhai Mani Singh Manucscript), and the early manuscript versions have minor variations with apocryphal writings.[60]

Guru Gobind Singh with the Goddess Bhagwati

Other important manuscripts include two Patna manuscripts both from 1698 CE found in Bihar, and the Mani Singh Vali Bir (1713 CE) in New Delhi. The Mani Singh Bir is a combined recension of the Adi Granth and Dasam Granth. It presents the Zafarnama and Hikayats in the Perso-Arabic Nastaliq script.[11]

The early Anandpuri, Patna, and Mani Singh manuscripts include writings that are disputed in the contemporary era, as well as sections such as the Ugradanti and Sri Bhagauti Astotra that were removed from the Dasam Granth codified in the 20th century by the Sodhak Committee.[11] There is also a manuscript of the Dasam Granth attributed to Bhai Daya Singh with many Apocryphal Writings, as well as the 1765 Illuminated Patna Missal manuscript from Jammu.

According to the Indologist Wendy Doniger, many orthodox Sikhs credit the authorship and compilation of the earliest Dasam Granth manuscript to Guru Gobind Singh directly, while other Sikhs and some scholars consider the text to have been authored and compiled partly by him and partly by many poets in his court at Anandpur.[60]

Prior to 1902, there were numerous incomplete portions of manuscripts of Dasam Granth in circulation within the Sikh community along with the complete, but somewhat variant, major versions such as the Anandpuri and Patna birs.[62] In 1885, during the Singh Sabha Movement, an organization called the Gurmat Granth Pracharak Sabha was founded by Sikhs to study the Sikh literature. This organization, with a request from Amritsar Singh Sabha, established the Sodhak Committee in 1897.[62] The members of this committee studied 32 manuscripts of Dasam Granth from different parts of the Indian subcontinent. The committee deleted some hymns found in the different old manuscripts of the text, merged the others and thus created a 1,428-page version thereafter called the standard edition of the Dasam Granth. The standard edition was first published in 1902.[62] It is this version that has predominantly been distributed to scholars and studied in and outside India. However, the prestige of the Dasam Granth was well established in the Sikh community during the Sikh Empire, as noted in 1812 by colonial-era scholar Malcolm.[62] According to Robin Rinehart – a scholar of Sikhism and Sikh literature, modern copies of the Dasam Granth in Punjabi, and its English translations, often do not include the entire standard edition text and do not follow the same ordering either.[6]

  • Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh
  • A correction authored by Guru Gobind Singh from the 'Anandpuri Hazuri Bir' (manuscript) of the Dasam Granth from 1698 CE
  • Page from the Bhai Mani Singh combined Adi-Dasam Maniscript authored in 1713 CE
  • Decorated page of the Dasam Granth from a Patna Manuscript
  • Another Patna Manuscript of the Dasam Granth authored in 1698 CE
  • Illuminated Charitropakhyan folio from the Patna Missal Dasam Granth manuscript from 1765 CE
  • Folio of the Apocryphal "Bhagauti Astotar" Composition in the "Aurangabadi Dasam Granth Bir" attributed to Bhai Daya Singh

Other compilations

Das Granthi

Das Granthi (ਦਸ ਗ੍ਰੰਥੀ) is a small religious booklet containing only few selected compositions from Dasam Granth. Das stands for Ten and Granthi stands for booklet. It means Booklet of 10th Guru of Sikhism. This booklet was created for beginners and lay readers for reading these compositions in daily liturgy for proper understanding.[63][64][65]

There is no standardization of this booklet and various sects in Sikhism have their own versions. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee contains eight texts namely, Jaap, Bachitra Natak, Chandi Charitra I, Shabad Hazare Patshahi 10, Akal Ustati, Chandi Charitra 2, Gian Prabodh and Chandi di Var.[66]

Apocryphal Dasam Granth Writings

There are a plethora of writings attributed to Guru Gobind Singh that are not in the standardized Dasam Granth. These select writings are sometimes found in certain early manuscripts.[67] These include but are not limited to:[68]

  • 1700s Dasam Granth with Missing space after 324th Charitar
    Asfottak Kabitt
  • Sahansar Sukhmana
  • Gobind Gita
  • Rubai P. 10
  • Uggardanti
  • Raag Sorath P. 10 (Rajput Ghode)
  • Raag Asa P. 10
  • Fatehnama
  • Indra Kavach
  • Malkaus Ki Vaar
  • Lakhi Jungle Khalsa (Shabad)
  • Ras Mandal
  • Brahm Kavach
  • Var Bhagat Bhagauti
  • 34th Savaiya (Additional couplet for the 33 Savaiye)
  • 325th Charitar (Missing in a plethora of Dasam Granth manuscripts)
  • Sri Kal Astotar
  • Sikhi Rehit/Nishan E Sikhi
  • Additional Hikayat found in Bhai Mani Singh Bir (1713 CE)

See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    According to Giani Gian Singh, the full copy of the Dasam Granth was in possession of the Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army), an 18th-century Sikh army, at the Battle of Kup and was lost during the Vadda Ghalughara.[61]

References

  1. [1]
    Debating the Dasam Granth. Religion in Translation. American Academy of Religion. 2011. ISBN 978-0199755066.
  2. [2]
    Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 191. ISBN 9781442236011.
  3. [3]
    Sukhbir Singh Kapoor; Mohinder Kaur Kapoor (2009). Dasam Granth: An Introductory Study. Hemkunt Press. p. 39. ISBN 9788170103257.
  4. [4]
    Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1., pp. 53–54
  5. [5]
    Dasam Granth, Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. [6]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  7. [7]
    McLeod, W. H. (1990). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56085-4., pages 2, 67
  8. [8]
    Pashaura Singh, Sikh Formations, 2015 Vol. 11, Nos. 1–2, 108–132, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2015.1032149
  9. [9]
    Shackle, C., & Mandair, A. (Eds.). (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315014449
  10. [10]
    Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–109. ISBN 978-0-19-106277-3.
  11. [11]
    Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
  12. [12]
    Knut A. Jacobsen; Kristina Myrvold (2012). Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs. A&C Black. pp. 233–234. ISBN 978-1-4411-1387-0.
  13. [13]
    McLeod, W. H. (2005). Historical dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8108-5088-0.
  14. [14]
    Singh, Harbans (19 December 2000). "Bavanja Kavi". Sikh Encyclopedia.
  15. [15]
    Birk, Kamalroop Singh (December 2013). Dasam Granth re-examined: an examination of the textual history with reference to key authors and commentators (d_ph thesis). University of Birmingham.
  16. [16]
    Rinehart, Robin (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-984247-6. OCLC 710992237.
  17. [17]
    Syan, Hardip Singh. Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century. I.B. Tauris, 2013. Page 147.
  18. [18]
    Rehitnama Bhai Nand Lal
  19. [19]
    Rehitnama Chaupa Singh Chibber
  20. [20]
    Sri Gur Sbha Granth, Poet Senapat, Piara Singh Padam
  21. [21]
    Parchi Sevadas Ki, Poet Sevada, Piara Singh Padam
  22. [22]
    Gurbilas, Patshahi 10, Koer Singh, Bhasha Vibagh, Punjabi University
  23. [23]
    Singh, Kesar. Bansavalinama (in Punjabi). Singh Brothers. p. 161.
  24. [24]
    Singh, Kesar. Bansavalinama (in Punjabi). Singh Brothers. pp. 161 258–260.
  25. [25]
    Knut A. Jacobsen; Kristina Myrvold (2012). Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs. A&C Black. pp. 232–235. ISBN 978-1-4411-1387-0.
  26. [26]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  27. [27]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  28. [28]
    Rinehart, Robin (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-19-984247-6.
  29. [29]
    "Sri Dasam Granth - Facts and Beyond" (PDF). www.deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion.de. Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji Academy. p. 12. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  30. [30]
    Dasam Granth - An Introductory Study
  31. [31]
    "Sri Dasam.org - Website contain whole text of dasam granth". Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  32. [32]
    The Poetry of Dasam Granth - Dharam Pal Ashta Archived August 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  33. [33]
    Singha, H.S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 43. ISBN 9788170103011.
  34. [34]
    Macauliffe, Max Arthur (28 March 2013). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80, 81.
  35. [35]
    Robin Rinehart (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-19-984247-6.
  36. [36]
    Makin, Gursharan Singh (24 January 2024). Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory (1st ed.). Lahore Book Shop. p. 13. ISBN 978-8176471794.
  37. [37]
    Singha, H.S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 54. ISBN 9788170103011.
  38. [38]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  39. [39]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  40. [40]
    Singha, H.S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 54. ISBN 9788170103011.
  41. [41]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  42. [42]
    Singha, H.S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 54. ISBN 9788170103011.
  43. [43]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  44. [44]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  45. [45]
    (entertainment).[44]
  46. [46]
    Britannica, Inc Encyclopaedia (2009). Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-59339-491-2.
  47. [47]
    Robin Rinehart (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  48. [48]
    Ugardanti – Guru Gobind Singh(Chandd 5th and 6th)
  49. [49]
    Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (5 January 2004). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120820005 – via Google Books.
  50. [50]
    "BANSAVALINAMA DASAN PATSHAHIAN KA – The Sikh Encyclopedia". 19 December 2000.
  51. [51]
    Sikhs...We are not Hindus: Kahn Singh Nabha: ISBN 81-7205-379-7
  52. [52]
    McLeod, W. H. (2009). "Ten Savvayas". The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. A portion of Akaal Ustat appointed as a part of early morning order of nitnem
  53. [53]
    Nabha, Kahn Singh. "ਤਵ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ". Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahankosh (in Punjabi). Sudarshan Press. ਤੇਰੀ ਕ੍ਰਿਪਾ ਕਰਕੇ. ਤੇਰੀ ਦਯਾ ਦ੍ਵਾਰਾ.
  54. [54]
    (Dalai Lama XIV), Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho (1995). Dialogues on Universal Responsibility and Education. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. p. 25.
  55. [55]
    Page 133, Sikhs in the Diaspora, Surinder Singh Bakhshi, Dr Surinder Singh Bakhshi, 2009
  56. [56]
    The Japu, the Jaapu and the Ten Sawayyas (Quartets) – beginning "Sarwag sudh"-- in the morning.: Chapter III, Article IV, Sikh Rehat Maryada
  57. [57]
    iii) the Sawayya beginning with the words "pae gahe jab te tumre": Article IV, Chapter III, Sikh Rehat Maryada
  58. [58]
    Gerald Parsons (2012). The Growth of Religious Diversity – Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions. Routledge. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-1-135-08895-8.
  59. [59]
    Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2019). "Namdhari (Sikh sect)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  60. [60]
    Wendy Doniger; Encyclopaedia Britannica staff (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
  61. [61]
    Giani Kirpal Singh (samp.), Sri Gur Panth Parkash, Vol. 3 (Amritsar: Manmohan Singh Brar, 1973), pp. 1678–80, verses 61-62
  62. [62]
    Robin Rinehart (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–46. ISBN 978-0-19-984247-6.
  63. [63]
    Page 330, Punjab District and State Gazetteers: Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government, 1900
  64. [64]
    Page 62, Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty, Surjit Singh Gandhi
  65. [65]
    Page 180, The Guru Consorts, Mahindara Kaura Gilla, Radha Publications
  66. [66]
    The Sikh Encyclopedia
  67. [67]
    Singh, Kamalroop. "The Granth of Guru Gobind Singh: essays, lectures, and translations."
  68. [68]
    "Dasam Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji Maharaj". 24 January 2024.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Amrit_Savaiye, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.