Andrew Duncan, the elder (17 October 1744 – 5 July 1828) FRSE FRCPE FSA (Scot) was a British physician and professor at the University of Edinburgh.^[1] He was joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. As first proposer of an asylum in Edinburgh he gives his name to the Andrew Duncan Clinic which forms part of the Edinburgh City Hospital.

Duncan was the second son of Andrew Duncan, merchant and shipmaster, of Crail, afterwards of St Andrews, his mother being a daughter of Professor William Vilant, and related to the Drummonds of Hawthornden. He was born at Pinkerton, near St Andrews, Fife, on 17 October 1744, and was educated first by Sandy Don of Crail, and afterwards by Richard Dick of St Andrews.^[1]

Duncan proceeded next to University of St Andrews, where he obtained the M.A. degree in 1762. As a youth he was known as "the smiling boy", and his character for good nature was retained through life. Lord Erskine and his brother Henry Erskine were among his school fellows and fast friends through life. In 1762, he entered the University of Edinburgh as a medical student, being the pupil of Joseph Black, William Cullen, John Gregory, John Hope, and Alexander Monro secundus.^[1]

Duncan was president of the Royal Medical Society in 1764, and five times afterwards. His attachment to the society continued through life: he was its treasurer for many years; and in 1786 he was awarded a gold medal for his services. On the completion of his course of studies in 1768, he traveled to China as surgeon of the East India Company's ship Asia. Refusing an offer of five hundred guineas to undertake a second voyage, Duncan graduated M.D. at St Andrews in October 1769, and in May 1770 became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. In the same year he was an unsuccessful candidate for the professorship of medicine at the University of St Andrews.^[1] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1774.^[2]

During the absence of Dr. Drummond, professor-elect of medicine at Edinburgh, Duncan was appointed to lecture in 1774–6. When Drummond failed to return, James Gregory was elected professor, and Duncan started an extra-academical course, as well as a public dispensary (the first free hospital in Scotland),^[3] which afterwards became the Royal Public Dispensary, incorporated by royal charter in 1818.^[1]

In 1773 he lived on Bristo Street in the south of Edinburgh.^[4]

In 1773, he commenced the publication of Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, a quarterly journal of medicine, at first issued in the name of "a society in Edinburgh", Duncan being named as secretary.^[1] It was the first medical review journal published regularly in Great Britain.^[5] The seventh volume was entitled Medical Commentaries for the year 1780, collected and published by Andrew Duncan, and reached a third edition. The series extended ultimately to twenty volumes, the last issue being in 1795, after which the publication was entitled Annals of Medicine, of which eight volumes were issued. In 1804 it was discontinued in favour of the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by his son.^[1]

In 1773, Duncan founded the Aesculapian Club and served as Honorary Secretary until 1827.^[6] This Club, which still meets today, was aimed at stimulating intellectual discussion and convivial relations between Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. In 1782, Duncan founded the Harveian Society of Edinburgh, which also still meets today and - like other Harveian societies - celebrates the work of physician and anatomist William Harvey, especially concerning the circulation of the blood.^[7] Duncan was the inaugural President of the society and served as one of its Secretaries for 46 years from 1782-1828.

In 1776 Duncan founded Edinburgh's first Public Dispensary at West Richmond Street. Later called the Royal Dispensary it stood until at least 1900. Duncan's portrait by Sir Henry Raeburn hung in the building's entrance hall.^[8]

Duncan's extra-academical lectures were continued with considerable success till 1790, when he became the president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. On William Cullen's resignation in that year he was succeeded in the professorship of medicine by James Gregory, and Duncan followed the latter in the chair of the theory or institutes of medicine (physiology).^[9]

In 1792, he proposed the erection of a public lunatic asylum in Edinburgh, having first conceived the idea after hearing of the miserable death of Robert Fergusson in 1774 in the common workhouse. It was not until many difficulties had been surmounted that the project was at last accomplished, and a royal charter was granted in 1807 under which a lunatic asylum was built in Morningside.^[9]

Inspired by a miscarriage of justice, he also delivered the first lectures on forensic medicine in Britain, and campaigned to establish a chair of medical jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh. The chair was eventually filled by his son, Andrew Duncan, the younger, who followed him into the profession.^[10]

In 1808, the freedom of Edinburgh was conferred upon Duncan for his services in the foundation of the dispensary and the asylum. In 1809, he founded the Caledonian Horticultural Society, which became of great scientific and practical value. ^[9]

In his later years, Duncan was actively occupied in promoting the establishment of a public experimental garden, the scheme for which was actively progressing at his death. In 1819, his son became joint professor with him, and in 1821, Dr. W. P. Alison succeeded to that post, but Duncan continued to do much of the duty to the last. In 1821, on the death of James Gregory, Duncan became first Physician to the King in Scotland, having held the same office to the Prince of Wales for more than thirty years.^[9]

In 1821, Duncan was elected president of the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society at its foundation. In 1824, he was again elected president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Although in his later years, he failed to keep up with the progress of physiology, his zeal was unabated. He used to say that the business of no institution should be hindered by his absence, whether it was forwarded by his presence or not.^[9]

For more than half a century he walked to the top of Arthur's Seat on May-day morning, accomplishing this for the last time on 1 May 1827. He died at his home, Adam Square in Edinburgh^[11] on 5 July 1828, at age 84.^[9]

He bequeathed to the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh seventy volumes of manuscript notes from the lectures of the founders of the Edinburgh School of Medicine, and a hundred volumes of practical observations on medicine in his own handwriting. A portrait of him by Henry Raeburn is in the Edinburgh Royal Dispensary, as well as a bust; a full-length portrait was painted in 1825 for the Royal Medical Society by John Watson Gordon.^[9]

Duncan's larger works, besides those already mentioned, are:

1. 'Elements of Therapeutics,’ 1770, second edition 1773.
2. 'Medical Cases,’ 1778, third edition 1784; translated into Latin, Leyden, 1785; translated into French, Paris, 1797.
3. An edition of Hoffmann's 'Practice of Medicine,’ 2 vols. 1783.
4. 'The New Dispensatory,’ editions of 1786, 1789, 1791.
5. 'Observations on the Distinguishing Symptoms of three different Species of Pulmonary consumption,’ 1813, second edition 1816.^[9]
6. 'The Edinburgh new Dispensatory : containing 1. The Elements of pharmaceutical Chemistry; 2. The Materia medica; or the natural, pharmaceutical and medical History, of the Substances employed in Medicine; 3. The pharmaceutical Preparations and Compositions; including Translations of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia published in 1817, of the Dublin Pharmacopoeia in 1807, and of the London Pharmacopoeia in 1815'. Bell & Bradfute, Edinburgh 9th Edition 1819 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

In connection with the Harveian Society of Edinburgh, Duncan published an oration in praise of Harvey, 1778; and memoirs of Alexander Monro (primus), 1780; John Parsens, 1786; John Hope, 1789; Alexander Monro (secundus), 1818; Joseph Banks, 1821; and Henry Raeburn, 1824.^[9]

Duncan published his Opinion, 1808, and a Letter to Dr. James Gregory, 1811, on the subject of Gregory's many controversies. Some of his poetry is included in Carminum Rariorum Macaronicorum Delectus (Esculapian Society), 1801, second edition enlarged; and Miscellaneous Poems, extracted from the Records of the Circulation Club, Edinburgh, 1818. He also selected and published Monumental Inscriptions selected from Burial Grounds at Edinburgh, 1815.^[9]

In February 1771, he married Elizabeth Knox, who bore him twelve children. His eldest son, Andrew, also became a professor at Edinburgh. His third son, Alexander Duncan (1780–1859), became a general in the army and distinguished himself in India.^[1]

Duncan was a Scottish Freemason. He was initiated in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2, on 27 December 1774. The Lodge records state that he was the 'founder of the Edinburgh dispensary.'^[12]

He is buried together with many of his family in a mausoleum in Buccleuch Churchyard. As a favour, one of his prodigy students is buried in the tomb, having died during his studies: Charles Darwin (1758–1778) by blood the uncle of his namesake Charles Darwin the naturalist, but dying before his birth.

The Andrew Duncan Clinic at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, opened in 1965, is named after him.^[13] A bust of Duncan by Lawrence Macdonald is held at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.^[14]