Animal testing

UK animal testing legislation is regarded as the strictest in the world.^[7] The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA) regulates the conditions under which animal testing can occur in the UK.^[8]

Those applying for a licence must explain why such research cannot be done through in vitro (non-animal) methods. All research projects must pass an ethical review panel set by the Home Office, which aims to decide if the potential benefits outweigh any suffering for the animals involved.

Primates, cats, dogs, and horses have additional protection over other vertebrates included in the Act. Revised legislation came into force in January 2013. This has been expanded to protect "all living vertebrates, other than man, and any living cephalopod. Fish and amphibia are protected once they can feed independently and cephalopods at the point when they hatch. Embryonic and foetal forms of mammals, birds and reptiles are protected during the last third of their gestation or incubation period."^[9]

The definition of regulated procedures was also expanded: "A procedure is regulated if it is carried out on a protected animal and may cause that animal a level of pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm equivalent to, or higher than, that caused by inserting a hypodermic needle according to good veterinary practice." It also includes modifying the genes of a protected animal if this causes the animal pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. The ASPA also considers other issues such as animal sources, housing conditions, identification methods, and the humane killing of animals.^[9]

Dog fighting

Dog fighting in the UK is banned by the Protection of Animals Act 1911, which was specific in outlawing "the fighting or baiting of animals."^[10] However, it has been estimated that a dog fight takes place every day in the UK.^[11] Fighting dogs are pitted against each other for "profit and reputational gain".^[11] Dog fighting can cause "torn flesh, blood loss, disembowelment or even death" of the dogs involved.^[11] Stolen pets, such as smaller dogs and cats are used as "bait" to train canines for fights, which can last for up to five hours.^[11]

Traditionally dog fighting was hidden away in rural areas, but is believed to be prevalent in urban areas as well. It is often related to gang activity.^[11]

Sentencing for animal cruelty

The previous maximum jail term of 51 weeks in prison for animal neglect and cruelty was criticised as being too lenient.^[12] In 2013, Adrian Sanders, a Liberal Democrat politician, argued for sentences to be doubled to two years in prison.^[12]

In practice, the previous maximum jail term of 51 weeks was often not applied.^[13] Tried in magistrates courts, animal cruelty cases are considered summary offences, with magistrates' courts only permitted to sentence people to a maximum of six months jail time.^[13]

In Northern Ireland in 2016, animal-welfare-related amendments to the Justice (No.2) Bill have been passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly.^[14] As of April 2016^[update], the Bill is awaiting royal assent.^{[14][needs update]} The amendments give Northern Ireland the toughest penalties for animal cruelty anywhere in the UK or Ireland.^[14] The maximum sentence available for cases heard in Magistrates Courts have increased from six to twelve months.^[14] The maximum fine has risen from £5,000 to £20,000.^[14] In Crown Courts, where more serious cases are heard, the maximum sentence for animal cruelty has increased from two to five years.^[14][15]

A new Animal Welfare (Sentencing) Bill which enables tougher prison sentences of up to five years, received Royal Assent on 29 April 2021 and came into force on 29 June 2021.^[16][17]