Anthem

In 1946, Anthem began in Indianapolis, Indiana, as Mutual Hospital Insurance Inc. and Mutual Medical Insurance Inc. The companies grew significantly, controlling 80% of the medical insurance market in Indiana by the 1970s.^[8]

In 1972, The two firms, then known as Blue Cross of Indiana and Blue Shield of Indiana, entered into a joint operating agreement.^[9]

In 1985, The two companies merged into Associated Insurance Companies, Inc,, later called, The Associated Group, a holding company, but usage of the name "Anthem" persisted.^[10]

In 1989, the company purchased American General Insurance Co. for $150 million and in 1991, it acquired The Shelby Insurance Co., based in Shelby, Ohio, for $125 million.^[11]

In 1989, The Associated Group founded Acordia, a brokerage that sold and serviced insurance and employee benefit programs.^[8]

In 1993, Acordia acquired American Business Insurance for $130 million^[12] and the Federal Kemper Insurance Company for $100 million.^[13] The Associated Group bought Southeastern Mutual Insurance Company, the operator of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kentucky.^[14]

In 1994, it sold Raffensperger, Hughes & Co., Inc., Indiana's largest investment bank, to National City Corp.^[15]

In 1995, The Associated Group acquired Community Mutual Insurance, a provider of Blue Cross and Blue Shield insurance plans in Ohio with over 1.9 million policy holders), then set up Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield.^[16][17]

In 1996, The Associated Group changed its name to Anthem Insurance Company.^[17]

In August 1997, Anthem acquired Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Connecticut.^[18] It also sold Acordia to management.^[19]

In 1999, Anthem acquired Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Hampshire and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Colorado and Nevada. The acquisitions made since 1996 added 850,000 policy holders. Among its customer base were 2.4 million PPO and 964,000 HMO enrollees.^[20]

In 2000, Anthem acquired Blue Cross Blue Shield of Maine.^[21]

In 2001, In October, Anthem underwent demutualization and became a public company via an initial public offering, which made it the fourth largest public managed health care company in the United States.^[22]

In 2002, Anthem acquired Trigon Healthcare of Virginia, a Blue Cross and Blue Shield plan, the largest insurer in Virginia, for $4.04 billion. Anthem Insurance Company reached 11.9 million members.^[23]

Blue Cross of California

Blue Cross of California was the predecessor of WellPoint Health Network Inc.

In 1982, Blue Cross of California was founded with the consolidation of Blue Cross of Northern California (established in 1936) and Blue Cross of Southern California (established in 1937).^[24]

In 1992, WellPoint was formed to operate Blue Cross of California's managed care business.^[25]

In January 1993, Blue Cross of California spun off its managed care business into a publicly traded entity, WellPoint Health Networks Inc. Blue Cross of California retained an 80% interest and voting control.^[26][27]

In 1996, Blue Cross of California restructured to a for-profit corporation, designating WellPoint Health Networks Inc. as the parent organization.^[28]

In April 1996, WellPoint completed its acquisition of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company's group life and health insurance subsidiaries for approximately $380 million, making it the second largest publicly held managed health company in the U.S. with 4 million policyholders.^[29]

In March 1997, WellPoint acquired the group health and life businesses of John Hancock Financial for $86.7 million. With this acquisition, WellPoint expanded its presence into Michigan, Texas, and the mid-Atlantic, and gained a unit that concentrated on serving the needs of large employers.^[30]

In 2000, WellPoint acquired PrecisionRx, a mail service pharmacy fulfillment center in Texas.^[31]

In 2001, WellPoint offered to acquire CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield for $1.37 billion, including $119 million in bonuses to Carefirst executives.^[32] In 2003, the offer was rejected by the Maryland insurance commissioner.^[33]

In March 2001, WellPoint acquired Rush Prudential Health Plans, a Chicago provider, for $204 million.^[34] In March 2001, WellPoint acquired Cerulean Companies, the parent company of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia.^[35]

In 2002, WellPoint acquired RightChoice Managed Care, a Missouri-based company, for $1.5 billion.^[36] WellPoint also acquired MethodistCare of Houston, Texas^[37] and HealthLink.

In 2003, WellPoint acquired Golden West Dental and Vision of Camarillo, California, and Cobalt, including Blue Cross and Blue Shield United of Wisconsin.^[38]

In November 2004, Wellpoint, Inc. was formed by the merger of Anthem Insurance Company and WellPoint Health Networks Inc. The merger was structured as Anthem acquiring WellPoint Health Networks and renaming itself WellPoint, Inc. WellPoint continued to use 'Anthem' as the brand name under which it operated. It sold its Blue Cross and Blue Shield products in 11 states.^[39][40]

In 2005, WellPoint acquired Alexandria, Virginia–based Lumenos, a provider of consumer-driven health care, for $185 million.^[41] Lumenos was the pioneer and market leader in consumer-driven health plans. In December, WellPoint acquired WellChoice, a New York City-based Blue Cross Blue Shield provider, for approximately $6.5 billion,^[42] making New York the 14th state in which WellPoint is a Blue Cross Blue Shield licensee.

In 2007, WellPoint acquired Chicago-based American Imaging Management, a radiology benefit management company that creates software to help physicians choose cost-effective locations for their patients to receive medical imaging tests.^[43] WellPoint also acquired Chicago-based American Imaging Management (AIM), the leading radiology benefit management company.

In January 2008, Leslie Margolin became the president of California operations. She resigned in July 2010.^[44]

In 2008, WellPoint acquired Resolution Health, a firm that analyzes patient history for potential medical problems such as adverse drug interactions.^[45]

In 2009, WellPoint acquired DeCare Dental, a dental insurance firm.^[46]

In 2011, WellPoint acquired CareMore, a Cerritos, California-based provider of insurance and care centers for elderly patients.^[47]

In 2012, WellPoint acquired Amerigroup for $4.9 billion, anticipating significant growth due to Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.^[48][49][50]

In August 2012, CEO Angela Braly resigned due to pressure from investors.^[51][52]

On August 13, 2014, WellPoint announced it intended to change its name to Anthem, Inc., effective in December.^[53]

Anthem, Inc.

In February 2015, the company acquired Simply Healthcare Holdings, a Medicaid and Medicare managed care company based in Florida.^[54]

In June 2015, Anthem made an offer to acquire Cigna for more than $54 billion in cash and stock.^[55][56] In February 2017, United States district court Judge Amy Berman Jackson blocked the Cigna merger on grounds of anti-competitive practices.^[57] On February 14, Cigna called off its merger agreement with Anthem.^[58]

In October 2017, Anthem announced that it would not renew its pharmacy benefit management (PBM) relationship with Express Scripts saying it had been overcharged $3 billion and that instead, Anthem would eventually handle the PBM process itself through its new IngenioRx unit. Anthem announced that it would enter a 5-year contract with CVS Health.^[59] Cigna then announced plans in March 2018 to acquire Express Scripts for $58 billion.^[60]

On November 6, 2017, Gail Koziara Boudreaux was named CEO.^[61]

In 2018, the company announced a $20 million expansion of its headquarters and the signing of a lease in Atlanta for its technology center.^[62]

In March 2020, Anthem announced the acquisition of Beacon Health Options, and independently held behavioral health organization.^[63]

On February 2, 2021, Anthem announced the acquisition of InnovaCare Health's Puerto Rico subsidiaries including MMM Holdings, LLC (“MMM”) and its Medicare Advantage (MA) plan MMM Healthcare, LLC as well as affiliated companies and Medicaid plan.^[64]

In November 2021, Anthem announced the acquisition of Integra Managed Care in New York.^[65] The acquisition of the New York-based international health insurance company was completed on May 5, 2022.^[66]

On June 28, 2022, Anthem announced a change of its corporate name to Elevance Health, Inc. and also changed its stock ticker symbol from "ANTM" to "ELV".^[67]

On January 23, 2023, Elevance announced that it entered a definitive agreement to acquire Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana, increasing Elevance's footprint to 15 states and adding 1.9 million new members.^[68]

Charitable donations

In 2007, WellPoint pledged to spend $30 million over three years, through the company's charitable foundation, to help the uninsured. In March 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that WellPoint's tax records and website showed that the company had given only $6.2 million by 2009. The company said that the foundation had indeed fulfilled its $30-million commitment by mid-2009, but refused to provide any financial details to support its claim.^[72]

2007 DMHC Investigation: Illegal policy rescissions and Anthem's settlement

In 2007, the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC) investigated Anthem's policies for revoking (rescinding) health care insurance policies. The DMHC randomly selected 90 instances where Anthem canceled the insurance of policy holders who had been diagnosed with costly or life-threatening illnesses, to find how many of these cancellations were legal. The agency concluded that all these cancellations were illegal.^[73][74]

In July 2008, Anthem Blue Cross agreed to a settlement with the California Department of Managed Health Care; however in doing so, WellPoint did not officially admit liability. To resolve allegations of improper policy rescissions (cancellations), WellPoint paid $10 million and reinstated plans for 1,770 policy-holders who were affected by cancelled policies. The company also agreed to provide compensation for any medical debts incurred by these policy-holders.^[75]

2010 Reuters Exposé: Algorithm targeting women with breast cancer for policy cancellation

In April 2010, Reuters alleged that Wellpoint "using a computer algorithm, identified women recently diagnosed with breast cancer and then singled them out for cancellation of their policies."^[76] The software used immediately triggered fraud investigation for those recently diagnosed with the disease as the company searched for some pretext to drop their policies.^[77] Wellpoint argued that its algorithm was scanning for diagnostic codes for conditions that patients might have known about during the insurance application.^[78] The story not only caused considerable public outrage, but it also led Secretary of Health and Human Services, Kathleen Sebelius, and President Barack Obama, to call on WellPoint to end the practice.^[79]

In 2011, Anthem began cancelling policies of members who had been paying premiums with credit cards, sometimes without calling or emailing the member ahead of time.^[80]

Opposition to healthcare reform

In August 2009, Anthem, the largest for-profit insurer in California, contacted its employees and urged them to get involved to oppose healthcare reforms proposed during the Obama administration. Consumer Watchdog, a nonprofit watchdog organization in Santa Monica, asked California Attorney General Jerry Brown to investigate its claim that WellPoint had illegally pushed workers to write to their elected officials, attend town hall meetings and enlist family and friends to ensure an overhaul that would match the firm's interests. According to Consumer Watchdog, California's labor code directly prohibits coercive communications, including forbidding employers from controlling, coercing or influencing employees' political activities or affiliations. WellPoint had not been contacted by the California attorney general and had not seen any complaint.^[81]

Through 2010 and into 2011, WellPoint senior executives met monthly with executives of other major health insurers to blunt the effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.^[82]

Legal battle over premium increases in Maine

In 2009, Anthem Health Plans of Maine, a WellPoint subsidiary, sued the state of Maine for the right to increase premiums further.^[83] Since Maine licenses insurance companies through its Bureau of Insurance, Anthem needed the state's permission to raise rates.^[84] The Court disagreed with Anthem and found that, unlike with other forms of insurance, the Maine Insurance Code does not require the Superintendent to consider profits.^[85]

Controversial rate increases in California and the resulting investigation and public outrage

In February 2010, WellPoint announced that rates would increase on some Anthem Blue Cross individual policies in California by as high as 39%. The announcement resulted in an investigation by regulators from the Federal and California governments.^[86] Anthem Blue Cross gained worldwide media attention and became a poster child for the problem of rising cost of health care in the U.S.^[86] The rate increase came one year after Anthem had raised rates 68% on individual policy holders.^[86]

To explain the rate increases, some which were four times the rate of medical inflation, Anthem said the company had experienced a death spiral: the company claimed that with increased unemployment and declining wages, healthy customers dropped their insurance policies. Consequently, the remaining risk pool became sicker and thus more expensive to insure; and, in turn, prices were forced up and pushed more people out of the market.^[87]

In response to the outrage from politicians and consumers, Anthem postponed the rate increase until May 1, 2010.^[88]

Senator Dianne Feinstein of California proposed giving the Federal government of the United States authority to block insurance premium hikes that it considers to be "unjustified".^[89]

WellPoint's reclassification of administrative costs as medical care to meet the patient protection and affordable care act requirements

On 17 March 2010, WellPoint announced it was reclassifying some of its administrative costs as medical care costs in order to meet loss ratio requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which requires insurers to spend at least 80% or 85% of customer premiums on health care services, depending on the type of plan.^[90]

2009–2010 data breach in California exposing personal information of thousands of customers

In June 2010, Anthem sent letters to 230,000 customers in California warning them that their personal data might have been accessed online via a data breach. After a routine upgrade in October 2009, a third-party vendor stated that all security measures had been properly reinstated, when in fact they had not. As a result, personal information of thousands of coverage applicants who were under the age of 65 was exposed in the open. After a Los Angeles-area woman found that her application for coverage was publicly available, she filed a class action lawsuit against Anthem. While gathering evidence for the proceeding, the woman's lawyers downloaded some confidential customer information from Anthem's website and alerted Anthem about the breach. According to the lawyers, confidential information had remained exposed for five months.^[91] Greg Zoeller, Indiana's Attorney General, filed a lawsuit against the company seeking $300,000 in civil penalties for the company alleged failure to notify its consumers about the breach.^[92]

Denial of benefits for cancer treatment despite payment of premiums and resulting public outcry

In May 2014, Anthem Blue Cross refused to pay for the hospitalization of a Sonoma County, California man for stage four cancers, although he had paid Anthem over $100,000 in premiums.^[93][94] Anthem ended up paying for coverage following public outcry.^[95]

2015 data breach compromising over 37.5 million personal records and subsequent settlement and indictment of Chinese nationals

On February 4, 2015, Anthem, Inc. disclosed that criminal hackers had broken into its servers and potentially stolen over 37.5 million records that contain personally identifiable information from its servers. According to Anthem, Inc., the data breach extended into multiple brands Anthem, Inc. uses to market its healthcare plans, including, Anthem Blue Cross, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Georgia, Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Amerigroup, Caremore, and UniCare.^[96] Healthlink was also victimized. Anthem says the medical information and financial data was not compromised. Anthem has offered free credit monitoring in the wake of the breach.^[97] According to Bloomberg News, China may be responsible for this data breach. Michael Daniel, chief adviser on cybersecurity for President Barack Obama, said he would be changing his own password.^[98] About 80 million company records were hacked, stoking fears that the stolen data could be used for identity theft.^[99] The compromised information contained names, birthdays, medical IDs, social security numbers, street addresses, e-mail addresses, employment information and income data.^[100] In June 2017, Anthem agreed to spend $115M to settle allegations that it failed to adequately protect the data of its clients, the sum was to be spent on two years of services to protect victims from identity theft.^[101] In 2019, two Chinese nationals were indicted for the breach.^{[102][103][104]}

"Avoidable ER Program" denying reimbursement for certain emergency room visits and criticism for potentially harmful consequences

Beginning in 2015, Anthem has been implementing and expanding its "Avoidable ER Program^[105]" which means not reimbursing ER visits when the cause is not covered by the company. A few patients found out that they had been stuck with bills of over $10,000 that Anthem refused to reimburse.^[106] According to a 2013 report by the Journal of the American Medical Association, 87 percent of patients initially triaged as non-urgent ended up with a diagnosis that constituted an emergency.^[107] Critics derided the scheme, citing that it was unlawful by federal law to cover a person based on diagnosis, not symptoms.^[105] It was also considered unsafe, as it pressured patients to diagnose themselves before going to the ER.^[106]

Neglecting complaints

In 2017, the California Department of Managed Health Care fined the company $5 million for untimely response to consumer complaints.^[108] In 2019, this was settled at $2.8 million.^[109]

2019 lawsuit: Sovereign Health vs. Anthem for coercive direct payments and financial pressure on vulnerable patients

In 2019, Sovereign Health pressed charges against Anthem, alleging that it was using direct payments to compel them to join Anthem's network under unfavorable terms.^[110] Sovereign owns facilities that treat people with addiction and mental health problems.

Diagnostics fraud

In March 2020, Anthem was sued by the Department of Justice. The lawsuit alleges that Anthem had submitted inaccurate diagnostics data in order to obtain increased Medicare reimbursements.^[111] The case was still pending in February 2022.^[112]

Medicare Advantage star rating

In January 2024, Elevance Health filed a lawsuit with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) challenging changes in the Medicare Advantage star rating methodology. Star ratings are tied to key bonus payouts, and due to the new rating system in 2024 ratings have significantly decreased.^[113][114]