Apollo 15
Apollo 15 (July 26 – August 7, 1971) was the ninth crewed mission in the United States' Apollo program and the fourth to land on the Moon. It was the first J mission, with a longer stay on the Moon and a greater focus on science than earlier landings. Apollo 15 saw the first use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
 James Irwin salutes the United States flag on the Moon, August 2, 1971 | |
| Mission type | Crewed lunar landing (J) |
|---|---|
| Operator | NASA[1] |
| COSPAR ID | |
| SATCAT no. | |
| Mission duration | 12 days, 7 hours, 11 minutes, 53 seconds[4] |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft |
|
| Manufacturer |
|
| Launch mass | 48,599 kilograms (107,142 lb)[2] |
| Landing mass | 5,321 kilograms (11,731 lb)[7] |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 3 |
| Members | |
| Callsign |
|
| EVAs | 1 in cislunar space and 4 on the lunar surface[8] |
| EVA duration | 39 minutes, 7 seconds[8] Spacewalk to retrieve film cassettes |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | July 26, 1971, 13:34:00.6 UTC[9] |
| Rocket | Saturn V SA-510[10] |
| Launch site | Kennedy LC-39A[2] |
| End of mission | |
| Recovered by | USS Okinawa[4] |
| Landing date | August 7, 1971, 20:45:53 UTC[4] |
| Landing site | North Pacific Ocean 26°7′N 158°8′W[4] |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Selenocentric[11] |
| Periselene altitude | 101.5 kilometers (54.8 nmi)[11] |
| Aposelene altitude | 120.8 kilometers (65.2 nmi)[11] |
| Inclination | 23 degrees[11] |
| Epoch | July 30, 1971[11] |
| Lunar orbiter | |
| Spacecraft component | Command and service module |
| Orbital insertion | July 29, 1971, 20:05:46 UTC[8] |
| Orbital departure | August 4, 1971, 21:22:45 UTC[8] |
| Orbits | 74[12] |
| Lunar lander | |
| Spacecraft component | Lunar module |
| Landing date | July 30, 1971, 22:16:29 UTC[8] |
| Return launch | August 2, 1971, 17:11:23 UTC[8] |
| Landing site | Hadley–Apennine 26.1322°N 3.6339°E[13] |
| Sample mass | 77 kilograms (170 lb)[4] |
| Surface EVAs | 4 (including standup) |
| EVA duration | |
| Lunar rover | |
| Distance driven | 27.9 kilometers (17.3 mi)[4] |
| Docking with LM | |
| Docking date | July 26, 1971, 17:07:49 UTC[8] |
| Undocking date | July 30, 1971, 18:13:16 UTC[8] |
| Docking with LM Ascent Stage | |
| Docking date | August 2, 1971, 19:10:25 UTC[8] |
| Undocking date | August 3, 1971, 01:04:01 UTC[8] |
| Payload | |
| |
| Mass | |
 Left to right: Scott, Worden, Irwin | |
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| Apollo 15 |
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The mission began on July 26 and ended on August 7, with the lunar surface exploration taking place between July 30 and August 2. Commander David Scott and Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin landed near Hadley Rille and explored the local area using the rover, allowing them to travel further from the lunar module than had been possible on previous missions. They spent 181⁄2 hours on the Moon's surface on four extravehicular activities (EVA), and collected 170 pounds (77 kg) of surface material.
At the same time, Command Module Pilot Alfred Worden orbited the Moon, operating the sensors in the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay of the service module. This suite of instruments collected data on the Moon and its environment using a panoramic camera, a gamma-ray spectrometer, a mapping camera, a laser altimeter, a mass spectrometer, and a lunar subsatellite deployed at the end of the moonwalks. The lunar module returned safely to the command module and, at the end of Apollo 15's 74th lunar orbit,[18] the engine was fired for the journey home. During the return trip, Worden performed the first spacewalk in deep space. The Apollo 15 mission splashed down safely on August 7 despite the loss of one of its three parachutes.
The mission accomplished its goals but was marred by negative publicity the following year when it emerged that the crew had carried unauthorized postal covers to the lunar surface, some of which were sold by a West German stamp dealer. The members of the crew were reprimanded for poor judgment, and did not fly in space again. The mission also saw the collection of the Genesis Rock, thought to be part of the Moon's early crust, and Scott's use of a hammer and a feather to validate Galileo's theory that when there is no air resistance, objects fall at the same rate due to gravity regardless of their mass.