Arabic_script

Arabic script

Arabic script

Writing system for Arabic and several other languages

For the Arabic script as it is used specifically to write Arabic, see Arabic alphabet.

The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world (after the Latin script),[2] the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese scripts).[3]

Quick Facts Arabic script, Script type ...
More information Worldwide use of the Arabic and Perso-Arabic script ...

The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran, the holy book of Islam. With the religion's spread, it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: Persian (Farsi and Dari), Malay (Jawi), Cham (Akhar Srak),[4] Uyghur, Kurdish, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Balti, Balochi, Pashto, Lurish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Rohingya, Somali, Mandinka, and Mooré, among others.[5] Until the 16th century, it was also used for some Spanish texts, and—prior to the script reform in 1928—it was the writing system of Turkish.[6]

The script is written from right to left in a cursive style, in which most of the letters are written in slightly different forms according to whether they stand alone or are joined to a following or preceding letter. However, the basic letter form remains unchanged. The script does not have capital letters.[7] In most cases, the letters transcribe consonants, or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are abjads, with the versions used for some languages, such as Sorani, Uyghur, Mandarin, and Serbo-Croatian, being alphabets. It is also the basis for the tradition of Arabic calligraphy.

History

Main article: History of the Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the Nabataean alphabet[8][9] or (less widely believed) directly from the Syriac alphabet,[10] which are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet (which also gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet), which, in turn, descended from the Phoenician alphabet. In addition to the Aramaic script (and, therefore, the Arabic and Hebrew scripts), the Phoenician script also gave rise to the Greek alphabet (and, therefore, both the Cyrillic alphabet and the Latin alphabet used in America and most European countries.).

Origins

In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around Petra, Jordan. These people (now named Nabataeans from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke Nabataean Arabic, a dialect of the Arabic language. In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE,[11][12] the first known records of the Nabataean alphabet were written in the Aramaic language (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for inscriptions (known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on papyrus.[13] This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet.

Overview

the Arabic alphabet
خ ‎ ح ‎ ج ‎ ث ‎ ت ‎ ب ‎ ا ‎
khā’ ḥā’ jīm tha’ tā’ bā’ alif
ص ‎ ش ‎ س ‎ ز ‎ ر ‎ ذ ‎ د ‎
ṣād shīn sīn zāy /
zayn		 rā’ dhāl dāl
ق ‎ ف ‎ غ ‎ ع ‎ ظ ‎ ط ‎ ض ‎
qāf fā’ ghayn ‘ayn ẓā’ ṭā’ ḍād
ي ‎ و ‎ ه ‎ ن ‎ م ‎ ل ‎ ك ‎
yā’ wāw hā’ nūn mīm lām kāf
أ آ إ ئ ؠ ء ࢬ
alif hamza↑ alif madda alif hamza↓ yā’ hamza↑ kashmiri yā’ hamza rohingya yā’
ى ٱ ی ە ً ٌ ٍ
alif maksura alif wasla farsi yā’ ae fathatan dammatan kasratan
َ ُ ِ ّ ْ ٓ ۤ
fatha damma kasra shadda sukun maddah madda
ں ٹ ٺ ٻ پ ٿ ڃ
nūn ghunna ttā’ ttāhā’ bāā’ pā’ tāhā’ nyā’
ڄ چ ڇ ڈ ڌ ڍ ڎ
dyā’ tchā’ tchahā’ ddāl dāhāl ddāhāl duul
ڑ ژ ڤ ڦ ک ڭ گ
rrā’ jā’ vā’ pāḥā’ kāḥā’ ng gāf
ڳ ڻ ھ ہ ة ۃ ۅ
gueh rnūn hā’ doachashmee hā’ goal tā’ marbuta tā’ marbuta goal kirghiz oe
ۆ ۇ ۈ ۉ ۋ ې ے
oe u yu kirghiz yu ve e yā’ barree
(see below for other alphabets)

The Arabic script has been adapted for use in a wide variety of languages aside from Arabic, including Persian, Malay and Urdu, which are not Semitic. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the Arabic language lacks a voiceless bilabial plosive (the [p] sound), therefore many languages add their own letter to represent [p] in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: Indian and Turkic languages written in the Arabic script tend to use the Persian modified letters, whereas the languages of Indonesia tend to imitate those of Jawi. The modified version of the Arabic script originally devised for use with Persian is known as the Perso-Arabic script by scholars.[citation needed]

When the Arabic script is used to write Serbo-Croatian, Sorani, Kashmiri, Mandarin Chinese, or Uyghur, vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script can, therefore, be used as a true alphabet as well as an abjad, although it is often strongly, if erroneously, connected to the latter due to it being originally used only for Arabic.[citation needed]

Use of the Arabic script in West African languages, especially in the Sahel, developed with the spread of Islam. To a certain degree the style and usage tends to follow those of the Maghreb (for instance the position of the dots in the letters fāʼ and qāf).[14][15] Additional diacritics have come into use to facilitate the writing of sounds not represented in the Arabic language. The term ʻAjamī, which comes from the Arabic root for "foreign", has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages.[citation needed]

Wikipedia in Arabic script of five languages

Table of writing styles

More information Script or style, Alphabet(s) ...

Table of alphabets

More information Alphabet, Letters ...

Current use

Today Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China are the main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more official national languages, including Azerbaijani, Baluchi, Brahui, Persian, Pashto, Central Kurdish, Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Punjabi and Uyghur.[citation needed]

An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following languages:[citation needed]

Middle East and Central Asia

See also: Arabic alphabet

East Asia

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Europe

Africa

Former use

With the establishment of Muslim rule in the subcontinent, one or more forms of the Arabic script were incorporated among the assortment of scripts used for writing native languages.[38] In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally replaced by the Latin alphabet in the Balkans,[dubious – discuss] parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, while in the Soviet Union, after a brief period of Latinisation,[39] use of Cyrillic was mandated. Turkey changed to the Latin alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing revolution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted to follow Turkey's lead and convert to a Turkish-style Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic alphabet has occurred to a limited extent in Tajikistan, whose language's close resemblance to Persian allows direct use of publications from Afghanistan and Iran.[40]

Africa

Europe

Central Asia and Caucasus

South and Southeast Asia

Middle East

Unicode

Main article: Arabic script in Unicode

As of Unicode 15.1, the following ranges encode Arabic characters:

Additional letters used in other languages

Assignment of phonemes to graphemes

More information Language family, Austron. ...
  1. There are broadly two standards for Pashto orthography, the Afghan orthography in Afghanistan and the Peshawar orthography in Pakistan where /g/ is represented by ګ‎ instead of the Afghani گ‎.


More information Letter or Digraph, Use & Pronunciation ...
  1. From right: start, middle, end, and isolated forms.
  2. Joined to the letter, closest to the letter, on the first letter, or above.
  3. Further away from the letter, or on the second letter, or below.
  4. A variant that end up with loop also exists.
  5. Although the letter also known as Waw with Damma, some publications and fonts features filled Damma that looks similar to comma.
  6. Shown in Naskh (top) and Nastaliq (bottom) styles. The Nastaliq version of the connected forms are connected to each other, because the tatweel character U+0640 used to show the other forms does not work in many Nastaliq fonts.

Letter construction

Most languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters. Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of kāf ك ک ڪ ‎ are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages, the letter Hā has diverged into two forms ھ ‎ dō-čašmī hē and ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ ‎ gōl hē,[45] while a variant form of ي ‎ yā referred to as baṛī yē ے ‎ is used at the end of some words.[45]

Table of letter components

Further information: List of Arabic letter components

See also

References

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    Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 559. ISBN 978-0195079937.
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    "Arabic Alphabet". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
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    Cham romanization table background. Library of Congress
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    Naveh, Joseph. "Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions" (PDF).
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    J. Blau. 2000. Hebrew written in Arabic characters: An instance of radical change in tradition. (In Hebrew, with English summary). In Heritage and Innovation in Judaeo-Arabic Culture: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Society For Judaeo-Arabic Studies, p. 27-31. Ramat Gan.
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