Arawan_languages
Arawan languages
Language family of South America
Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil (Amazonas, Acre) and Peru (Ucayali).
Quick Facts Arawán, Geographic distribution ...
| Arawán | |
|---|---|
| Arauán | |
| Geographic distribution | Brazil and Peru |
| Linguistic classification | Harákmbut–Katukinan ? Macro-Arawakan ?
|
| ISO 639-5 | auf |
| Glottolog | araw1282 |
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Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact.[1]
Arauan consists of half a dozen languages:
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]
(† = extinct)
Dienst (2010)
Internal classification by Dienst (2010):[2]
Mason (1950)
Arauá internal classification by Mason (1950):[3]
- Arauá
- Arauá
- Culino
- Culina
- Curia
- Curiana
- Culiña
- Pama
- Pama
- Pamana
- Yamamadí
- Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo
- Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí)
- Yuberi
- Madihá
- Sewacu
- Sipó
Other varieties
- Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the Piranha River between the Juruá River and Purus River.[4][5] Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan.[6]
Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968):[7]
- Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Purus River. (Unattested)
- Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the Inauini River, a tributary of the upper Purus River. (Unattested)
- Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Sepatini River in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested)
- Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Sepatini River. (Unattested)
- Pamana - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested)
- Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested)
- Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Mamoriá River and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the Tapauá River, the same region. (Unattested)
- Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested)
- Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the Juruá River, along the Marari River and on the upper course of the Tapauá River; second, on the Eiru River and Gregório River and on the left bank of the Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil.
- Madiha - spoken on the Eiru River near Bom Jardim, Amazonas.
- Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the Iaco River, Acre. (Unattested)
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[7]
More information gloss, Arauá ...
| gloss | Arauá | Yamamadi | Paumari | Curina | Madiha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | warihí | itarini | huarani | ahã | ahã |
| two | fanihi | mushamu | faumini | pamawi | |
| three | arisafaha | uharini | harabakudzeki | nawi | |
| head | ä-tati | dadií | tazi-ama | i-tati | |
| eye | ä-narobõ | murubui | eribu | waribu | |
| hand | u-safá | ä-dzäfä | dzẽi | iyepe | zepe |
| water | pahá | pãhã | pãhá | patsu | patsu |
| fire | sihú | yefu | sidzyú | dipu | zipu |
| sun | mahí | mahi | kasiri | maxi | maxi |
| maize | kemi | yoruá | tapá | tapa | |
| tapir | awí | aui | dama | auhi | awi |
| house | zamí | huda | gurã | uza | uáza |
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Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):[8]
Flora
More information Proto-Arawá, English gloss ...
| Proto-Arawá | English gloss | Portuguese gloss |
|---|---|---|
| *biha | yam sp. | carai |
| *boba | palm sp. | paxiúba |
| *bodi | fruit sp. | bacuri |
| *'boko | tree sp. | imbaúba |
| *doni | tonka bean | cumaru |
| *hawa | patauá palm | patauá |
| *imi | ingá (tree and edible fruit) | ingá |
| *jani | palm sp. | paxiubinha |
| *jawana | palm sp. | murumuru |
| *jawida | peach palm | |
| *kahami | palm sp. | urucuri |
| *majo | tree sp. | pajurá |
| *nabohi | palm sp. | paxiúba-barriguda |
| *ora | genipap | jenipapo |
| *para'i | assai palm | |
| *sanaro | passion fruit | maracujá |
| *tamajara | matamatá tree, envira tree | matamatá, envira |
| *tamino | jackfruit tree | |
| *waishowa | several trees of genus Lucuma | abiurana |
| *wasina, *wasini | kapok ceibe tree | samaúma, Ceiba pentandra |
| *wekhe'i | rubber tree | Hevea brasiliensis |
| *xidepe | tree sp.; red paint made from fruit | urucu, Bixa orellana |
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Fauna
Mammals
More information Proto-Arawá, English gloss ...
| Proto-Arawá | English gloss | Portuguese gloss |
|---|---|---|
| *gapha | woolly monkey | |
| *hijama | white-lipped peccary | |
| *hojawa | giant anteater | |
| *ja'o | sloth sp. | |
| *jajiko | howler monkey | |
| *jotomi | coati | quati |
| *jowi(hi) | capuchin monkey | |
| *kawina | howler monkey | |
| *kiriwe | three-toed sloth | |
| *kishi- | armadillo | tatu |
| *kiso | capuchin monkey | |
| *kosikosi | kinkajou, night monkey | jupará |
| *mase | bat | |
| *modo | anteater | tamanduá |
| *mowi | night monkey | |
| *pishi | squirrel monkey; marmoset (small monkey) | macaco-de-cheiro, Saimiri sciureus |
| *shawa(ri) | weasel sp. | irara |
| *shinama | agouti | cutia |
| *tamakori | monkey sp. | macaco parauaçu, Pithecia monachus |
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Birds
More information Proto-Arawá, English gloss ...
| Proto-Arawá | English gloss | Portuguese gloss |
|---|---|---|
| *ama'ahawa | socó heron | socó |
| *amasawari | socozinho heron | socozinho |
| *dapo | guan (bird sp.) | |
| *DiroDiro | kingfisher | |
| *hiriti | motmot bird | |
| *jakhi | toucan (Ramphastos) | |
| *kamowa | dove sp. | juriti, rolinha |
| *kawashiro | oriole | |
| *komi | trogon (bird sp.) | |
| *khere | kingfisher | ariramba |
| *okoko | pigeon, dove sp. | juriti |
| *shabiria | eagle-hawk | Harpia harpyja |
| *tano | pied-crested oropendola (type of oriole) | japu |
| *tawikhoro(ro) | black-fronted nunbird | bico-de-brasa |
| *tobejaro, *tobejero) | nighthawk | bacurau |
| *wara- | chachalaca (bird) | aracuã |
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Fish
More information Proto-Arawá, English gloss ...
| Proto-Arawá | English gloss | Portuguese gloss |
|---|---|---|
| *aba majaro | arowana (fish sp.) | aruanã |
| *'awida | piau sp. (fish) | piau |
| *bahama | surubim (large fish) | surubim |
| *basani | pacu (fish sp.) | pacu |
| *bidama | catfish sp. | mandi |
| *dawi | big leaf calathea (fish sp.) | |
| *kosop(h)a | tucunaré (fish sp.) | tucunaré |
| *khorobo | fish sp. | jeju? |
| *moro | fish sp. (cangati sp.; large catfish) | cangati; jai preto, Paulicea luetkeni |
| *otawi | cará (fish sp.) | cará |
| *siraba | fish sp. | cangati, cará, acará |
| *shako | lungfish | traíra |
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Other animals
More information Proto-Arawá, English gloss ...
| Proto-Arawá | English gloss | Portuguese gloss |
|---|---|---|
| *kowasa | tortoise | |
| *shire | turtle | tartaruga |
| *bitha | large mosquito | carapanã |
| *'Diriri | cicada | |
| *jimo, *jomo | ant sp. | tocandira |
| *karajati | biting fly | mutuca |
| *waharo | large mosquito | carapanã |
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- Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. International Journal of American Linguistics, 59 (1), 280-293.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. Diachronica, 18, 3-30.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927067-8.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. Anthropological Linguistics, 46, 1–83.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
- Lexicons
- Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística.
- Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
- Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations.
- Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- Dienst, Stefan (2010). The internal classification of the Arawan languages. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 8(1), 61-67. doi:10.20396/liames.v8i1.1471
- Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- "Himarimã". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
- "Isolated Indians". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. Anthropological Linguistics 46: 1-83.
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Arawan reconstructions