Arutela_(castra)
Arutela[1] was an ancient Roman fort in the Roman province of Dacia today near the town Călimănești. It lies on the left bank of the Olt River. It was part of the Roman frontier system of the Limes Alutanus,
| Arutela | |
|---|---|
| Alternative name(s) | Arutelia |
| Known also as | Castra of Căciulata, Castra of Bivolari |
| Founded during the reign of | Hadrian[1] |
| Founded | 138 [1] |
| Abandoned | 3rd century AD |
| Attested by | Tabula Peutingeriana |
| Place in the Roman world | |
| Province | Dacia Inferior |
| Limes | Alutanus |
| Nearby water | Aluta |
| Directly connected to | Praetorium, (Titești), (Rădăcinești), Buridava |
| Structure | |
| — Stone [1] structure — | |
| Stationed military units | |
| — Numeri — | |
| Tyrorum sagittariorum | |
| Location | |
| Altitude | 285 m (935 ft) |
| Place name | Poiana Bivolari |
| Town | Căciulata |
| Country |  Romania |
| Reference | |
| RO-LMI | VL-I-s-A-09562 [2] |
| RO-RAN | 167954.01 [2] |
| Site notes | |
| Recognition |  National Historical Monument |
| Discovery year | 1888 |
| Condition | Partially reconstructed |
| Excavation dates | 1894 [3] |
| Archaeologists | Pamfil Polonic,[3] Dumitru Tudor[4] |
It was constructed between 137 – 138 AD by Surri sagittari (Syrian archers) by the order of Titus Flavius Constans, imperial procurator of Dacia Inferior,[1] according to inscriptions on the front of two of the castra's gates.
The last coins discovered and dated at Arutela were issued by Elagabalus between the years 220 – 223 AD.[5]
Arutela also hosted a Dacian settlement, which enjoyed a prolonged existence under Roman rule.
The first excavations at "Poiana Bivolari" were made in 1888–1889 in order to capture sulfurous thermal water. The excavation uncovered metal objects and Roman coins of Hadrian, Septimius Severus, Iulia Doamna and Caracalla. Between 1890 and 1892, Grigore Tocilescu and Pamfil Polonic continued with partial excavations, completely uncovering Roman baths and partial ruins of the castra. These discoveries remain the only epigraphic materials found on the site. Between 1897 and 1902, the Arutela ruins were partially covered by the construction of a railroad between Râmnicu Vâlcea and Râul Vadului, while the baths disappeared completely.
In 1967, the National Military Museum reopened the research site until 1970, and opened it once more in 1978. The opening led to the complete exposure of the ruins which were not destroyed by the railroad construction.
The archaeological excavations uncovered weapons, coins, pots and inscriptions, on display today at the Bucharest National Military Museum. After the excavations finished, the Arutela castrum became a historical monument of the Vâlcea County Committee of Culture and the Museum of History in Râmnicu Vâlcea. In 1982–1983, the castrum was renewed in a project by the architect Aurel Teodorescu, following references prepared by Cristian Vlădescu, the coordinator of research previously performed by the Military Museum. The construction work was executed by C. Panco. The first "Praetorian gate" (porta praetoria) in Romania was reconstructed on the site.
- Vlădescu 1986, p. 46
- "Castrul roman Arutela de la Păuşa - "Poiana Bivolari"". National Archaeological Record of Romania (RAN). ran.cimec.ro. 8 January 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
- "Manuscrisele lui Pamfil Polonic". cimec.ro. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- Tudor, Dumitru (1968). Oltenia Romană. București: Editura R.S.R.
- Vlădescu 1986, p. 59
Ancient
- Anonymous. Tabula Peutingeriana (in Latin).
- Ptolemy, Claudius (1843) [c. 140 AD]. Geographia [Geography] (in Ancient Greek). Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii.
Modern
- Olteanu, Sorin. "Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section". Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- Vlădescu, Cristian M. (1986). Fortificațiile romane din Dacia Inferior. Craiova: Ed. Scrisul Românesc.