The Bavarian Maximilian Railway (German: Bayerische Maximiliansbahn) was as an east–west line built between the Bavarian border with Württemberg at Neu-Ulm in the west via Augsburg, Munich and Rosenheim to the Austrian border at Kufstein and Salzburg in the east as part of the Royal Bavarian State Railways. The Munich–Augsburg section of the line had already been built by the Munich-Augsburg Railway Company and opened in 1840. The line was named after the reigning King of Bavaria from 1848 to 1864 Maximilian II.

Relatively late for a German state, Bavaria decided in around 1851 to complete its major rail links by building an east–west rail link between the German states and Italy via the Brenner railway and via Salzburg to Vienna and the Semmering railway. These lines were expected to be well used, particularly for the connection to the Austrian Adriatic port of Trieste. Treaties agreed with the Kingdom of Württemberg and with the Austrian Empire on 25 April 1850 and ratified in 1851. The route included, the existing line between Augsburg and Munich, completed by the former private Munich-Augsburg Railway Company in 1840.

The line began at the Württemberg and Bavaria border in the middle of the newly built bridge over the Danube between Ulm and Neu-Ulm, and ran for about 85 km to Augsburg. In Ulm, it connected with the Württemberg Eastern railway to Stuttgart and the Southern railway to Friedrichshafen.

From Munich, the line ran for over 106 km over the route now known as the Mangfall Valley line via Großhesselohe and Rosenheim to Kufstein, where it connected with the Austrian Lower Inn Valley line. The Salzburg line branched off in Rosenheim and ran for 83 km via Traunstein to the border near Salzburg.

• Ücker, Bernhard (1985). 150 Jahre Eisenbahn in Bayern (150 years of railways in Bavaria) (in German). Fürstenfeldbruck.
• Klee, Wolfgang; Welser, Ludwig v. (1993–1995). Bayern-Report (Bayern-Report) (in German). Vol. 1–5. Fürstenfeldbruck.
• Die Deutschen Eisenbahnen in ihrer Entwicklung 1835–1935 (The German railways in its development 1835-1935) (in German). Berlin: Deutsche Reichsbahn. 1935.
• Foit, Wolfgang, ed. (2007). Als die Eisenbahn in unsere Heimat kam. Die Geschichte der Maximiliansbahn München–Holzkirchen–Rosenheim (When the railway came into our home. The story of Maximilian's Railway, Munich-Holzkirchen-Rosenheim) (in German). Holzkirchen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)