The history of the town dates back to 1540, when King Sigismund I the Old granted town rights to the town of Brzegi, which was located on the left bank of the Pilica, administratively in the Masovian Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. At that time, Brzegi belonged to a local noblewoman Anna Fałęcka, then it was property of other families. The town never gained significance and remained a small center, whose population was involved in trade and agriculture.
From 1815 it was located in the Russian Partition of Poland. During the Polish January Uprising, several units operated in the area, and in 1870, as a Russian reprisal for residents’ support of the insurrection, Białobrzegi was stripped of its town privileges and became a settlement. In 1910, a fire destroyed much of Białobrzegi. During World War I, there was further destruction, but afterwards the town slowly grew, due to the Warsaw-Kraków road, which passed through it.[citation needed] In 1918, following the war, Poland regained independence and control of Białobrzegi. Administratively, it was located in the Kielce Voivodeship. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the settlement was occupied by Germany until 1945.
In 1958 Białobrzegi regained its town rights. Administratively, it was located in the Kielce Voivodeship, then the Radom Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998, and the Masovian Voivodeship since 1999.
