Mestizo Bolivians

Mestizos are people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry. They are distributed throughout the entire country and compose about 68% of the Bolivian population.^[16] Most people assume their mestizo identity while at the same time identifying themselves with one or more Indigenous cultures. Genetic research indicates that the ancestry of Bolivian mestizos is predominantly indigenous.^[17][18][19]

Indigenous Bolivians

Indigenous, also called "originarios" ("native" or "original") and, less frequently, Amerindians. This ethnic group is composed by the descendants of the Pre-Hispanic cultures. They can be Andean, as the Aymaras and Quechuas (which formed the ancient Inca Empire), which concentrate in the western departments of La Paz, Potosí, Oruro, Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. There also is an important oriental ethnic population, composed by the Chiquitano, Guaraní and Moxos, among others, and that inhabit the departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, Tarija and Pando. According to the most recent census, the indigenous people compose 20% of the Bolivian population, but in reality, this number is closer to between 62-70%.^[20]

White or European Bolivians

Modern estimates have estimated that they're now only 5% of the population^[21] and according to a 2014 survey by Ipsos, 3% of people questioned said they were white.^[22] In the 1900 census, White Bolivians composed 12.72% or 231,088 (115,139 men, 115,949 women) of the total population and the last official census that collected data of racial origin.^[23] Most people who identify as white are descendants of criollos and European immigrants, coming mostly from Spain, Croatia, Germany and Italy.^[21] They are usually concentrated in the largest cities — La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Cochabamba and Tarija (being the department where the eurodescendants predominate by density but not by quantity). In the Santa Cruz Department there is an important colony (70.000 inhabitants) of German-speaking Mennonites.^[24]

Afro-Bolivians

Afro-Bolivians are descendants of African slaves, who arrived in the times of the Spanish Empire. They inhabit the department of La Paz and in the provinces of Nor Yungas and Sud Yungas. 23,330 people self-identified as Afro-Bolivian in the 2012 census.^[25]

Other

• Asians: Mainly Japanese (14,000^[26]) and Lebanese (12,900^[27]).
• Other: There are small amounts of European citizens of Germany, France, Italy and Portugal, as well as coming from other countries of the Americas, as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, United States, Paraguay, Peru, Mexico and Venezuela, among others. There are important Peruvian colonies in La Paz, El Alto and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Bolivia is home to about 500 Jews, located mainly in the cities of La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

Indigenous peoples

The Indigenous peoples of Bolivia are divided into two ethnic groups: the Andeans, who are in the Andean Altiplano and the valley region, and the ethnic culture of the oriental Llanos region, who inhabit the warm regions of eastern Bolivia (Gran Chaco).

• Andean ethnicities
  • Aymaras. They live on the high plateau of the departments of La Paz, Oruro and Potosí, as well as some small regions near the tropical flatlands.
  • Quechuas. They inhabit mostly the valleys on Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. They also inhabit some mountain regions in Potosí and Oruro. They divide themselves into quechua nations, as the Tarabucos, Ucumaris, Chalchas, Chaquies, Yralipes, Tirinas, among others.
• Ethnicities of the Oriental Llanos
  • Guaraníes. Formed by Guarayos, Pausernas, Sirionos, Chiriguanos, Wichí, Chulipis, Tapietes [es], Tobas and Yuquis.
  • Tacanas: Formed by Tacanas, Lecos, Ese Ejas, Araonas, Reyesanos and Maropas.
  • Panos: Formed by Chacobos, Caripunas, Sinabos, Capuibos and Guacanaguas.
  • Aruacos: Formed by Apolistas, Baures, Moxos, Chané, Movimas, Cayabayas, Carabecas, Paiconecas or Paucanacas.
  • Chapacuras: Formed by Itenez or More, Chapacuras, Sansinonianos, Canichanas, Itonamas, Yuracares, Guatoses and Chiquitos.
  • Botocudos: Formed by Bororos y Otuquis.
  • Zamucos: Formed by Ayoreos.

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Main Indigenous and Afro-Bolivian peoples from Bolivia

N°	Group	Population	%	N°	Group	Population	%
1	Quechua	1,837,105	18.26%	6	Guarayo	23,910	0.24%
2	Aymara	1,598,807	15.89%	7	Afro-Bolivian	23,330	0.23%
3	Chiquitano	145,653	1.45%	8	Movima	18,879	0.19%
4	Guaraní	96,842	0.96%	9	Tacana	18,535	0.18%
5	Mojeño	42,093	0.42%	10	Tsimane Chimán	16,958	0.17%
Source: 2012 Census of Bolivia[25]

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Dances

Many dances and songs contain elements from both the native and European cultures. Caporales seems to be the most popular Bolivian dance of present times — in a few decades it has developed into an enormously popular dance,^[31] not only in the Highlands where it originated, but also in the Lowlands and in Bolivian communities outside the country. In the Highlands, other traditional and still very popular dances are:

• Morenada
• Kullawada
• Diablada
• Ch'utas
• Waka waka
• Siklla (Wayra, Doctorcitos)
• Suri Sikuri
• Tinku
• Pukllay
• Tobas
• Awki awki
• Llamerada
• Cambitas
• Chacarera
• Afro-Bolivian Saya

In the Lowlands, there are:

• Macheteros
• Taquirari
• Chovena chiquitana
• Brincao
• Carnavalito
• El Sarao
• Los moperas
• La Paica
• Danzas del Sol y de la Luna
• Danza de la Saraza
• Danzas de los pescadores
• Danzas del cazador amazónico
• Danza Rosita Pochi
• Arete guazú
• Toritos
• Danzas Vallegrandinas de Santa Cruz
• Cueca Cruceña
• Caporales

Clothing

It is fashionable among Bolivian Andean women of indigenous descent to wear a ski. It was originally a Spanish peasant skirt that the colonial authorities forced indigenous women to wear. Now it is a symbol of pride in being indigenous and is considered a status symbol.

Another fashion is the bowler hat, which was adopted from the British. The position of the hat can indicate a woman's marital status and aspirations.

Cuisine

Bolivian cuisine stems mainly from the combination of Spanish cuisine with traditional indigenous Bolivian ingredients, with later influences from Argentines, Germans, Italians, Basques, Croats, Russians, and Poles, due to the arrival of immigrants from those countries.^[32]

The traditional staples of Bolivian cuisine are corn and potatoes. These ingredients have been combined with a number of staples brought by the Spanish, such as rice, wheat, and meat, such as beef, pork, and chicken