The (first) cruzeiro (Cr$ or C$) was the official currency of Brazil from 1942 to 1967.^[1] It replaced the old real (pl. réis), which had been in use since colonial times, at the rate of Rs 1$000 = Cr$1, It was in turn replaced by the cruzeiro novo, at the rate of Cr$1,000 = NCr$1.^[2]

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Quick Facts ISO 4217, Code ...

Cruzeiro (1942–1967)

Example of a Cr$5 note of 1963 of the 2nd print, portraying the bust of Barão do Rio Branco on the obverse
ISO 4217
Code	None
Unit
Unit	cruzeiro
Plural	cruzeiros
Symbol	Cr$‎ (also Cr $ ₢$ Cr etc. )
Denominations
Subunit
1⁄100	centavo
Plural
centavo	centavos
Banknotes	Cr$1, Cr$2, Cr$5, Cr$10, Cr$20, Cr$50, Cr$100, Cr$200, Cr$500, Cr$1,000, Cr$5,000, Cr$10,000
Coins	Cr$0.10, Cr$0.20, Cr$0.50, Cr$1, Cr$2, Cr$5, Cr$10, Cr$20, Cr$50
Demographics
Date of introduction	1 November 1942[1]
Replaced	Real
Date of withdrawal	13 February 1967[2]
Replaced by	Cruzeiro novo
User(s)	Brazil
Issuance
Printer	American Bank Note Company (1st print) Thomas de la Rue (2nd print) Casa da Moeda do Brasil (3rd print)
Valuation
Value	Cr$1 Cr$2 Cr$5 Cr$10 Cr$20 Cr$50 Cr$100 Cr$200 Cr$500 Cr$1,000 Cr$5,000 Cr$10,000 (1st print) Cr$2 Cr$5 Cr$10 Cr$20 Cr$50 Cr$100 Cr$200 Cr$500 Cr$1,000 Cr$5,000 (2nd print) Cr$5 (3rd print)
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

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The name cruzeiro was later reused for two other currencies, which were official in 1970–1986 (initially denominated as the cruzeiro novo to avoid confusion between new and old currency) and 1990–1993.

The cruzeiro was divided into 100 centavos, a convention that persisted through all subsequent Brazilian currencies, but in the first cruzeiro, values below Cr$0.10 were never issued because Rs 10 coins (equivalent to Cr$0.01) had not circulated since the end of the 19th century, and Rs 20 and Rs 50 coins (equivalent to Cr$0.02 and Cr$0.05 respectively) had not been issued since 1935.

Initially, the project, dating from the late 1920s, was that the amount to be converted into a cruzeiro would be Rs 10$000 (ten mil-réis) and that the new currency was linked to the gold standard, but this project was aborted and the cruzeiro was put into circulation at par with the value of Rs 1$000 (one mil-réis) without linked to the gold standard, which changed the situation by making coins below 10 centavos not exist in this monetary standard.

Since colonial times, the main currency in Brazil had been the real; first the same as the Portuguese currency, and a separate currency after the country's independence in 1822.

On 1 November 1942 the real was replaced by a new currency, the "cruzeiro", officially worth Rs 1$000 (mil réis, pronounced mirréis) — which had long been used informally as the currency unit for most retail trades. The old réis banknotes and coins remained in use for a while.^[1] Some were overstamped with the amount in cruzeiros. New cruzeiro banknotes were printed starting in 1943.

By 1967 devaluation (inflation) of the cruzeiro had rendered prices unwieldy, so on 13 February 1967 the military government decreed its replacement by a new currency, the cruzeiro novo (NCr$), at a rate of NCr$1 = Cr$1,000.^[2]

Six denominations of coin were introduced in 1942: Cr$0.10, Cr$0.20 and Cr$0.50, and Cr$1, Cr$2 and Cr$5. The centavos were initially struck in cupronickel, switching to aluminium bronze in 1943, whilst the cruzeiros were struck in aluminium bronze from the start. The Cr$5 was not struck after 1943.

Following the end of the Vargas Era, in 1947 and 1948 replacements for the Cr$0.10, Cr$0.20 and Cr$0.50 coins were issued that did not portray Getúlio Vargas on the obverse. The new designs featured busts of proeminent Brazilian people, along with the new president, Dutra.

A few more designs were later introduced in 1956 and 1957, which eventually made aluminium replace aluminium bronze in all the coins. In 1956, aluminum-bronze coins were issued in the amounts of 50 centavos, 1 cruzeiro and 2 cruzeiros, taking advantage of old aluminum-bronze pieces that were used to issue the 10, 20 and 50 centavos coins respectively. In 1957, such values also began to be issued in aluminum. Coins dated up to 1961 would be minted in such denominations.

In 1964, Law 4511 established the end of the cent and the issuance of coins of Cr$1, Cr$2, Cr$5, Cr$10, Cr$20, Cr$50, Cr$100, Cr$200 and Cr$500, with only coins in the denomination of Cr$10, Cr$20 and Cr$50 came to be launched in 1965.

Such coins lost their value in February 1968, a year after the introduction of the cruzeiro novo, having a shorter survival in circulation than the banknotes of equivalent value, not being directly replaced by the equivalent coins of the cruzeiro novo.

The first banknotes were overprints on earlier mil réis notes, with denominations of Cr$5, Cr$10, Cr$20, Cr$50, Cr$100, Cr$200 and Cr$500. Regular issues of cruzeiro banknotes began in 1943 with the addition of Cr$1,000 notes. Cr$1 and Cr$2 notes were introduced in 1944 and ceased production after 1958.

With the exception of the Cr$ 1 banknote, produced only by American Bank Note Company, the other banknotes of this standard were issued under a second stamp by Thomas de la Rue, bear the mention "2ª estampa" with variations in the color of the obverse of the banknote, with the Cr$ 5 banknotes issued until 1965 and the others (with the exception of the rare Cr$ 200 banknote of the second stamp ^[7]) issued until the entry into circulation of the cruzeiro novo.

The first banknotes of the standard were autographed, a custom that continued until the early 1950s, when signatures began to appear on microseals. The "Nota do Índio" and banknotes issued up to the end of the 1950s bear the words "No Tesouro Nacional se pagará ao portador a quantia de" with the value in full followed by the term "Valor recebido" at the end. Banknotes issued in 1960s by the American Bank Note Company and Thomas de la Rue in amounts from Cr$5 to Cr$5,000 appear only with the terms "República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil", "Tesouro Nacional" and "Valor Legal" having the other aforementioned sayings suppressed.

• Cr$1 note, featuring the Marquis of Tamandaré
• Cr$2 note, portraying the Duke of Caxias.
• Cr$5 note, portraying the Baron of Rio Branco

In 1961, the third stamp of the Cr$5 banknote, called "Nota do Índio", would be released experimentally by the Casa da Moeda do Brasil. The very limited print run of this banknote issued in the years 1961 and 1962, as well as its low intrinsic value, made this banknote a true souvenir quite collected by numismatists.

In 1962, Law 4190 established that Cruzeiro banknotes would have the words "República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil", "Tesouro Nacional" and "Valor Legal" on the obverse of the banknotes and established the issuing of the Cr$5,000 banknote, which was put into circulation in 1963. In December 1964, law 4511 established the end of the centavos, the creation of Cr$1, Cr$2, Cr$5, Cr$10, Cr$20, Cr$50, Cr$100, Cr$200 and Cr$500 coins, as well as the issuing of the Cr$10,000 note, which would become the only banknote of the standard to be issued by the Central Bank of Brazil having the title "Banco Central" instead of the title "Tesouro Nacional" present in the other banknotes issued in this monetary standard.

The last banknotes of this standard had an equivalence stamp affixed from 1967 onwards with the corresponding value of the banknote in Cruzeiros Novos, being used provisionally in the transition between the banknotes produced abroad to new centavo coins that began to be minted from 1967 and the banknotes that would be produced mainly by Casa da Moeda do Brasil from 1970.

• Peso
• Dollar
• Portuguese escudo