The 1st Cavalry Division was a regular Division of the British Army during the First World War where it fought on the Western Front. During the Second World War it was a first line formation, formed from Yeomanry Regiments. It fought in the Middle East before being converted to the 10th Armoured Division.

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1st Cavalry Division
First World War division insignia
Active	August 1914 – March 1919 31 October 1940 – 1 August 1941
Country	United Kingdom
Allegiance	British Crown
Branch	British Army
Type	Cavalry
Size	Division Second World War 11,097 men[1] 6,081 horses[1] 1,815 vehicles[1][lower-alpha 1]
Part of	Cavalry Corps (First World War)
Engagements	First World War Battle of Mons (1914) Action of Elouges Rearguard Action of Solesmes Battle of Le Cateau Rearguard Affair of Etreux Affair of Nery Rearguard Actions of Villers-Cotterets Battle of the Marne Battle of the Aisne Actions on the Aisne Heights First Battle of Ypres 1914 Second Battle of Ypres 1915 Battle of Flers-Courcelette 1916 Battle of Arras 1917 Battle of Cambrai 1917 First Battle of the Somme 1918 Battle of Amiens 1918 Second Battle of the Somme 1918 Hindenburg Line 1918 Final Advance in Artois Final Advance in Picardy Second World War Anglo-Iraqi War Syria–Lebanon campaign
Commanders
Notable commanders	Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby

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During the Peninsular War, Wellington organized his cavalry into The Cavalry Division from June 1809 under Major-General Sir William Payne.^[2] This performed a purely administrative, rather than tactical, role;^[3] the normal tactical headquarters were provided by brigades commanding two, later usually three, regiments.^[4] On 3 June 1810, Payne returned home and his second-in-command, Major-General Stapleton Cotton, took command.^[5] Cotton was to remain in command thereafter^[6] and effectively acted as Wellington's chief of cavalry.^[4]

On 19 June 1811, the cavalry was reorganized as two divisions and The Cavalry Division was redesignated as 1st Cavalry Division with the formation of the 2nd Cavalry Division.^[7] The divisions were once again amalgamated as The Cavalry Division on 21 April 1813 with Cotton (Lieutenant-General from 1 January 1812) still in command.^[8]

The Cavalry Division was re-raised for service during the Second Boer War.

The 1st Cavalry Division was one of the first Divisions to move to France in 1914, they would remain on the Western Front throughout the war. It participated in most of the major actions where cavalry were used as a mounted mobile force, they would also be used as dismounted troops and effectively serve as infantry.^[9] On 11 November 1918, orders were received that the Division would lead the advance of Second Army into Germany, by 6 December, having passed through Namur, the Division secured the Rhine bridgehead at Cologne.^[9]

On 31 October 1939, during the Second World War, the 1st Cavalry Division was reformed. It was assigned to Northern Command, and took command of two pre-war First Line Territorial Army cavalry brigades (the 5th and 6th) and the newly formed 4th Cavalry Brigade.^[14] It was the only cavalry division in the British Army during the war.

It departed the United Kingdom in January 1940, transited across France, and arrived in Palestine on 31 January 1940. It served as a garrison force under British Forces, Palestine and Trans-Jordan.^[14]

In May 1941, the Divisional Headquarters and elements of the division (notably the 4th Cavalry Brigade), together with a battalion of infantry from the Essex Regiment (the 1st Battalion), a mechanised regiment from the Arab Legion and supporting artillery was reorganised as Habforce for operations in Iraq including the relief of the base at RAF Habbaniya and the occupation of Baghdad. Following this, in July 1941, Habforce was placed under the command of Australian I Corps and was involved in operations against the Vichy French in Syria, advancing from eastern Iraq near the Trans-Jordan border to capture Palmyra and secure the Haditha - Tripoli oil pipeline.^[15]

On 1 August 1941, the 1st Cavalry Division was converted into the 10th Armoured Division.^{[14][lower-alpha 6]} 10th Armoured Division later fought at the Battles of Alam Halfa and El Alamein. The 10th Armoured Division was disbanded in Egypt on 15 June 1944.^[18]

The 1st Cavalry Division had the following commanders during the First World War:^[22]

The 1st Cavalry Division had the following commanders during the Second World War:^[14]

• British Cavalry Corps order of battle 1914
• British cavalry during the First World War
• List of British divisions in World War I
• List of British divisions in World War II
• British armoured formations of the Second World War