Māori history

Māori settlement of the Auckland Region began around the 13th or 14th centuries.^[9][10] The North Shore was settled by Tāmaki Māori, including people descended from the Tainui migratory canoe and ancestors of figures such as Taikehu and Peretū.^[11] Many of the Tāmaki Māori people of the North Shore identified as Ngā Oho.^[12] While the poor soils of Browns Bay hindered dense settlement,^[5] traditional resources in the area included fish, shellfish and marine birds.^[13] While there are few recorded names for the Browns Bay area, one traditional name, Taiaotea ("Clear Environment") is the recorded name for the creek that flows into Browns Bay.^[3]

The warrior Maki migrated from the Kāwhia Harbour to his ancestral home in the Auckland Region, likely sometime in the 17th century. Maki conquered and unified many the Tāmaki Māori tribes as Te Kawerau ā Maki, including those of the North Shore.^[14][15] After Maki's death, his sons settled different areas of his lands, creating new hapū. His younger son Maraeariki settled the North Shore and Hibiscus Coast, who based himself at the head of the Ōrewa River. Maraeariki's daughter Kahu succeeded him, and she is the namesake of the North Shore, Te Whenua Roa o Kahu ("The Greater Lands of Kahu"),^[16][17] Many of the iwi of the North Shore, including Ngāti Manuhiri, Ngāti Maraeariki, Ngāti Kahu, Ngāti Poataniwha, Ngāi Tai Ki Tāmaki and Ngāti Whātua, can trace their lineage to Kahu.^[17][18]

By the 18th century, the Marutūāhu iwi Ngāti Paoa had expanded their influence to include the islands of the Hauraki Gulf and the North Shore.^[19] During these events in the latter 18th century, Tipau Point to the east of Browns Bay was the location of Ōmangaia Pā, a defensive pā site associated with the Ngāti Tai Manawaiti chief, Te Hehewa.^[20][18] After periods of conflict, peace had been reached by the 1790s.^[21] The earliest contact with Europeans began in the late 18th century, which caused many Tāmaki Māori to die of rewharewha, respiratory diseases.^[22] During the early 1820s, most Māori of the North Shore fled for the Waikato or Northland due to the threat of war parties during the Musket Wars. Most people had returned by the late 1820s and 1830s.^[10][19][23]

European settlement

In 1841, the Crown purchased the Mahurangi and Omaha blocks; an area that spanned from Takapuna to Te Ārai. The purchase involved some iwi with customary interests in the area, such as Ngāti Paoa, other Marutūāhu iwi and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, but not others, such as Te Kawerau ā Maki or Ngāti Rango.^{[24][25][18][26]} The Crown spent until 1873 rectifying this sale, by making further deals with stakeholders.^[25][26]

The first European land owner in Browns Bay was John Logan Campbell, who purchased Allotment 189 (Ōkura to Browns Bay) in 1864, believing that there was coal in the area.^[8][27] The search for coal was unsuccessful, so Campbell sold the land in the 1870s.^[27] During this period, Māori from Whangaparāoa would camp at Browns Bay when travelling south, and developed fenced cultivations around the Glencoe Road hill, growing melons, potatoes and kūmara.^[28]

In 1876, Peter Brown purchased an 136 acre property, where he settled with his family, clearing scrubland.^[27] The Brown family developed a dairy farm, orchards, a vineyard, an apiary and grew crops including carrots.^[29][30] The suburb was named after Peter Brown, and the Brown family operated a guest house in the 1880s for holiday-makers visiting the beach.^{[31][8][29][5]} The roads to Browns Bay were poorly maintained clay tracks, so most visitors to the area came by stream ferry.^[8][5] While the area became more popular over the summer months, the permanent population remained low. The first school in the area opened in 1888.^[5] The area grew in the early 20th century, after the construction of a new wharf, better roads, and the tram from Bayswater to Milford.^[32][8] The Taiotea Boating Club, the first recreational boating club in the East Coast Bays area began operating from Browns Bay circa 1902.^[5]

In 1916, the Brown family subdivided their farm,^[5] and by 1919 holiday homes had started to be constructed.^[8] A post office opened in 1919, using the name Taiaotea,^[33] and in 1926 the settlement was officially named Browns Bay.^[34] The area grew slowly in the 1920s,^[33] primarily due to the difficulty of reaching Browns Bay.^[35] Despite this, Browns Bay became the focal point for life for the communities of the East Coast Bays area.^[5] In 1925, the 555 Cabaret and Cinema opened on Clyde Road, named after a popular brand of cigarettes.^[36] The cabaret club became very popular with boaties and holidaymakers, and for a while the area became known colloquially as Naughty Bay.^[36][8] The area remained popular with holidaymakers and campers into the 1930s and 1940s.^[5]

In 1936, a major storm damaged the wharf, a dam and buildings in Browns Bay, and the wharf was never rebuilt.^[37][36] During the Great Depression of the 1930s, a Government work scheme helped develop the roads to Browns Bay, which helped grow the area after World War II.^[36] During the war, machine gun emplacements were constructed along the beach, and wire entanglements were constructed as a defence.^[29] Pillboxes were constructed along the Browns Bay Esplanade and at Nigel Road.^[38]

Suburban development

By the late 1950s, Browns Bay transitioned from being a holiday community to a suburb of Auckland, after the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge.^[29] By 1945, ten shops had opened in Browns Bay,^[39] and in 1946 Freyberg Park opened as a venue for local sports groups, and by the 1950s a roller skating rink became a popular attraction to Browns Bay.^[29] In the early 1950s, manufacturing businesses began operating in Browns Bay, with as a concrete roof tiling business that used local sand, and the clothing manufacturer Ambler & Co.^[29] Also in the 1950s, the area also became a centre for boatbuilding and repair, when John Spencer and Keith Atkinson set up workshops on Bute Road. Spencer pioneered many new techniques for the construction of lightweight boats and yachts.^[38]

Browns Bay was the home of the East Coast Bays Borough. In the early 1970s, the East Coast Bays council buildings were constructed, and in 1975 the borough became East Coast Bays City.^[29]

In the early 1990s, Browns Bay Mall was opened, and the soap opera Shortland Street began filming in the suburb from 1992.^[29] In the early 2000s, the East Coast Bays City Council developed a beachfront esplanade along Browns Bay.^[5]

Browns Bay became a hub for the South African New Zealander community in the 1990s,^[40] with Afrikaans becoming the second-most spoken language in the suburb by 2003.^[41]