History

Calpol was launched in 1959 by English pharmaceutical company, Calmic Ltd, based in Crewe, Cheshire; the company's name was an abbreviation of Cheshire and Lancashire Medical Industries Corporation, which moved from Lancashire to Crewe Hall in 1947.^[6] The Calpol brand name is likely a combination of 'Calmic' and 'paracetamol'.^[7] Calmic was acquired by Wellcome (today GlaxoSmithKline) in 1966, and Calpol became one of Wellcome's best-selling UK products in the 1980s.^[7] The brand was later owned by Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, which was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 2006.^[8] Calpol is today a brand of Johnson & Johnson's McNeil Consumer Healthcare subsidiary; in 2020, Calpol was the UK's top-selling paediatric analgesic product with sales worth £60.1 million.^[9]

History

After it was first introduced only in clinics in 1953, Panadol started its commercial business in 1955 by Phillips, Scott & Turner, which was acquired by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. It was advertised as being "gentle on the stomach", since other analgesic agents at the time contained aspirin, a known stomach irritant. In 1955, Panadol was introduced to hospitals in the United Kingdom.^[15] Panadol was originally available only by prescription in the UK, but is now available over the counter. In 1983, Sterling introduced Panadol to the United States market.^[16] In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the worldwide over the counter drug business to SmithKline Beecham in 1994.^[17] Two weeks later, SmithKline Beecham sold the over-the-counter medication business in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico to Bayer for US$1 billion.^[18] However, North American rights to Panadol were retained by SmithKline.^[18] It has been called "one of the most-frequently counterfeited medicines in the world."^[19]

Other formulations and packaging

Panadol is sold in different formulations and packaging with different names.^[10][20]

Panadol Extra, an S2 pharmacy-only medicine in Australia, combines 65 mg of caffeine with 500 mg of paracetamol per tablet. Caffeine may improve the analgesic effect of paracetamol. Studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the clinical significance of this incremental pain relief.^[21][22]

Panadol Osteo and Panadol Extend Tablets are modified-release formulations of paracetamol.^[23] Panadol Osteo is marketed in Australia and New Zealand; its immediate to sustained release ratio is 33% to 66%.^[24]

Panadol Rapid Handipak is Panadol Rapid packaged in a slim container of ten 500 mg caplets, designed to appeal to Australian women who are 20 to 35 years of age.^[25][26]

Panadol Cold and Catarrh contains three active ingredients: paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride as a nasal decongestant, and chlorpheniramine maleate to prevent certain allergies.^[20]

Panadol Cold and Flu and Panadol Fever and Congestion both combine paracetamol with phenylephrine hydrochloride as a nasal decongestant.^[13][27]