Cambarus

<i>Cambarus</i>

Cambarus

Genus of crayfishes

Cambarus is a large and diverse genus of crayfish from the United States and Canada. The adults range in size from about 5 cm (2.0 in) up to approximately 15 cm (5.9 in).

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Description

The genus Cambarus is the second largest freshwater crayfish genus inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere, with only sixty fewer species than the genus Procambarus.[2] Though Cambarus are varied across species, the two terminal elements that make up the male form I gonopod form ninety degree angles with the central appendage, allowing for their identification. Unlike the genus Procambarus whose first pleopod tends to have three processes at the tip, Cambarus has only one or two.[2] Cambarus reach 17–26 mm (0.67–1.02 in) carapace lengths in their first year, while average adult carapace length ranges from 55–62 mm (2.2–2.4 in).[3] The name Cambarus comes from an alteration of Latin cammarus, meaning "lobster".[citation needed]

As a genus containing nearly 100 species, Cambarus's coloration is variable.[2] Cambarus bartonii is dark brown, while species like Cambarus pauleyi range from subtle to vibrant blues and reds.[2] Other species are light green or grayish in color.[2]

Biogeography

Most species of Cambarus are restricted to the United States and Canada. They are distributed along the eastern coast, extending from New Brunswick to northern Florida.[2] However, the genus extends as far westward as the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, inhabiting a variety of freshwater environments.[4]

Habitat

Cambarus occupy a range of freshwater environments including streams, rivers, lakes, and burrows. Burrowing species of the genus include Cambarus dubius.[2] Cambarus also include many cave-dwelling species, both stygobites and stygophiles.[3] While salinity and temperature changes minimally affect Cambarus, the genus has shown an intolerance to pollution.[5]

Ecology

Diet

Like other crayfish, Cambarus are foragers. Diets are largely plant-based, though Cambarus also consume small marine organisms like molluscs, larvae, tadpoles and amphibian eggs. Cambarus consume small rodents or birds when available.[3] In their first year, Cambarus typically consume 1-4% of their overall body-weight each day.[3] The genus is central to many freshwater food webs as they help maintain water quality through consumption of algae.[5]

Vulnerability

One of the largest crayfish genera, Cambarus includes a sizable number of vulnerable species.[5] Cave-dwellers like Cambarus jonesi are at risk due to their lack of genetic diversity and low population count. Other species like Cambarus veteranus are at risk due to human practices like logging and mining, which increase sediment amounts in freshwater environments.[2] Increased sediment causes these freshwater environments to be uninhabitable, and Cambarus are forced to relocate as a result.[2]

Growth

Molting occurs among Cambarus approximately 5-10 times during their first year, and 3-5 times during subsequent years. Cambarus remain relatively inactive during periods of molting, as the shedding of chitinous exoskeletons leaves them more vulnerable to predation and injury.[3] Many species of Cambarus continue to grow well into adulthood.[3]

Reproduction

Cambarus typically mate in the early spring. Both Cambarus bartonii and Cambarus robustus only mate once during their three-year life span, with females of both carrying fewer eggs than those of the genus Orconectes.[3]

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Classification

The genus Cambarus contains around 100 species,[6] many of which are listed on the IUCN Red List.[7] Species in the genus were formerly divided among 12 subgenera.[8] In a 2017 study,[9] these subgenera were found to lack any phylogenetic validity and were therefore eliminated.

  • Cambarus aculabrum Hobbs & Brown, 1987 CR – Benton County cave crayfish
  • Cambarus acuminatus Faxon, 1884 LC - Acuminate Crayfish[10]
  • Cambarus adustus Thoma, Fetzner, Stocker and Loughman, 2016[11] DD - Dusky Mudbug
  • Cambarus aldermanorum J. E. Cooper and Price, 2010[12] DD
  • Cambarus andersoni Jones and Eversole, 2015[13] DD
  • Cambarus angularis Hobbs & R. W. Bouchard, 1994 NT
  • Cambarus appalachiensis Loughman, Welsh and Thoma, 2017[14] DD
  • Cambarus asperimanus Faxon, 1914 LC
  • Cambarus bartonii (Fabricius, 1798) LC – Appalachian Brook Crayfish
  • Cambarus batchi Schuster, 1973 LC – bluegrass crayfish
  • Cambarus bouchardi Hobbs, 1970 VU – Big South Fork crayfish
  • Cambarus brachydactylus Hobbs, 1953 LC
  • Cambarus brimleyorum Cooper, 2006 DD
  • Cambarus buntingi R. W. Bouchard, 1973 LC – Bunting crayfish
  • Cambarus callainus Thoma, Loughman & Fetzner, 2014 [15] - Big Sandy crayfish
  • Cambarus carinirostris Hay, 1914 LC – Rock Crayfish
  • Cambarus carolinus (Erichson, 1846) LC
  • Cambarus catagius Hobbs & Perkins, 1967 DD – Greensboro Burrowing Crayfish
  • Cambarus causeyi Reimer, 1966 LC
  • Cambarus chasmodactylus James, 1966 LC – New River crayfish
  • Cambarus chaugaensis Prins & Hobbs, 1972 LC – Chauga crayfish
  • Cambarus clairitae Schuster and Taylor, 2016 [16] DD
  • Cambarus clivosus Taylor, Soucek & Organ, 2006 VU
  • Cambarus conasaugaensis Hobbs & Hobbs III, 1962 DD
  • Cambarus coosae Hobbs, 1981 LC
  • Cambarus coosawattae Hobbs, 1981 NT – Coosawattae crayfish
  • Cambarus cracens R. W. Bouchard & Hobbs, 1976 EN
  • Cambarus crinipes R. W. Bouchard, 1973 LC
  • Cambarus cryptodytes Hobbs, 1941 LC – Dougherty Plain cave crayfish
  • Cambarus cumberlandensis Hobbs & R. W. Bouchard, 1973 LC – Cumberland crayfish
  • Cambarus cymatilis Hobbs, 1970 EN – Conasauga blue burrower
  • Cambarus davidi J. E. Cooper, 2000 LC – Carolina Ladle Crayfish
  • Cambarus deweesae R. W. Bouchard & Etnier, 1979 LC – valley flame crayfish
  • Cambarus distans Rhoades, 1944 LC – boxclaw crawfish
  • Cambarus diupalma Jones and Eversole, 2015[17] DD
  • Cambarus doughertyensis Cooper & Skelton, 2003 DD - Dougherty burrowing crayfish
  • Cambarus dubius Faxon, 1884 LC – upland burrowing crayfish
  • Cambarus ectopistes Loughman & Williams, 2021[18] DD
  • Cambarus eeseeohensis Thoma, 2005 VU
  • Cambarus elkensis Jezerinac & Stocker, 1993 VU – Elk River crayfish
  • Cambarus englishi Hobbs & Hall, 1972 LC
  • Cambarus extraneus Hagen, 1870 DD – Chickamauga crayfish
  • Cambarus fasciatus Hobbs, 1981 DD – Etowah crayfish
  • Cambarus friaufi Hobbs, 1953 LC – hairy crayfish
  • Cambarus gentryi Hobbs, 1970 LC
  • Cambarus georgiae Hobbs, 1981 LC – Little Tennessee crayfish
  • Cambarus girardianus Faxon, 1884 LC
  • Cambarus graysoni Faxon, 1914 LC – Two-spot crayfish
  • Cambarus guenteri Loughman, Henkanaththegedara, Fetzner and Thoma, 2017[19] DD
  • Cambarus halli Hobbs, 1968 LC
  • Cambarus hamulatus (Cope, 1881) LC – Prickly cave crayfish
  • Cambarus harti Hobbs, 1981 EN – Piedmont blue burrower
  • Cambarus hatfeildi Z. J. Loughman, 2013 DD
  • Cambarus hazardi Loughman, Henkanaththegedara, Fetzner and Thoma, 2017[20] DD
  • Cambarus hiwasseensis Hobbs, 1981 LC – Hiwassee crayfish
  • Cambarus hobbsorum J. E. Cooper, 2001 LC – Rocky River crayfish
  • Cambarus howardi Hobbs & Hall, 1969 LC – Chattahoochee crayfish
  • Cambarus hubbsi Creaser, 1931 LC
  • Cambarus hubrichti Hobbs, 1952 DD – Salem cave crayfish
  • Cambarus hystricosus Cooper & Cooper, 2003 LC
  • Cambarus jezerinaci Thoma, 2000 DD
  • Cambarus johni Cooper, 2006 LC
  • Cambarus jonesi Hobbs & Barr, 1960 LC – Alabama cave crayfish
  • Cambarus laconensis Buhay & Crandall, 2009 [21] CR - Lacon Exit cave crayfish
  • Cambarus latimanus (Le Conte, 1856) LC
  • Cambarus lenati J. E. Cooper, 2000 NT – Broad River crayfish
  • Cambarus lentiginosus Jones and Eversole, 2016[22] DD
  • Cambarus longirostris Faxon, 1885 LC
  • Cambarus longulus Girard, 1852 LC
  • Cambarus loughmani Foltz II et al., 2018 - Blue Teays mudbug
  • Cambarus maculatus Hobbs & Pflieger, 1988 LC – freckled crayfish
  • Cambarus magerae Thoma and Fetzner, 2015[23] DD
  • Cambarus manningi Hobbs, 1981 LC
  • Cambarus monongalensis Ortmann, 1905 LC - Monongahela or blue crayfish
  • Cambarus nerterius Hobbs, 1964 NT – Greenbrier cave crayfish
  • Cambarus nodosus R. W. Bouchard & Hobbs, 1976 LC
  • Cambarus obeyensis Hobbs & Shoup, 1947 CR – Obey crayfish
  • Cambarus obstipus Hall, 1959 LC
  • Cambarus ortmanni Williamson, 1907 LC – Ortmann mudbug
  • Cambarus parrishi Hobbs, 1981 DD – Hiwassee headwater crayfish
  • Cambarus parvoculus Hobbs & Shoup, 1947 LC – mountain midget crayfish
  • Cambarus pauleyi Loughman, Thoma, Fetzner and Stocker, 2015[24] DD
  • Cambarus pecki (Hobbs, 1967) [21] EN - phantom cave crayfish
  • Cambarus polypilosus Loughman & Williams, 2018[25] DD
  • Cambarus pristinus Hobbs, 1965 DD – pristine crayfish
  • Cambarus pyronotus R. W. Bouchard, 1978 DD – fireback crayfish
  • Cambarus reburrus Prins, 1968 LC – French Broad crayfish
  • Cambarus reduncus Hobbs, 1956 LC
  • Cambarus reflexus Hobbs, 1981 LC
  • Cambarus robustus Girard, 1852 LC – big water crayfish
  • Cambarus rusticiformis Rhoades, 1944 LC – Depression crayfish
  • Cambarus sciotensis Rhoades, 1944 LC – Teays River crayfish
  • Cambarus scotti Hobbs, 1981 LC – Chattooga crayfish
  • Cambarus setosus Faxon, 1889 NT – bristly cave crayfish
  • Cambarus smilax Loughman, Simon, and Welch, 2011 NE – Greenbrier crayfish
  • Cambarus speciosus Hobbs, 1981 NT
  • Cambarus speleocoopi Buhay & Crandall, 2009 [21] EN - Sweet Home Alabama Crayfish
  • Cambarus sphenoides Hobbs, 1968 LC
  • Cambarus spicatus Hobbs, 1956 DD - Broad River spiny crayfish
  • Cambarus stockeri Thoma, 2011[26] DD
  • Cambarus striatus Hay, 1902 LC – Hay Crayfish
  • Cambarus strigosus Hobbs, 1981 DD – lean crayfish
  • Cambarus subterraneus Hobbs III, 1993 CR – Delaware County cave crayfish
  • Cambarus tartarus Hobbs & M. R. Cooper, 1972 CR – Oklahoma cave crayfish
  • Cambarus taylori Loughman, Henkanaththegedara, Fetzner and Thoma, 2017[27] DD
  • Cambarus tenebrosus Hay, 1902 LC – cavespring crayfish
  • Cambarus theepiensis Loughman, Foltz, Garrison and Welsh, 2013[28] DD
  • Cambarus truncatus Hobbs, 1981 NT – Oconee burrowing crayfish
  • Cambarus tuckasegee Cooper & Schofield, 2002 NT
  • Cambarus unestami Hobbs & Hall, 1969 LC – Blackbarred crayfish
  • Cambarus veitchorum J. E. Cooper & M. R. Cooper, 1997 CR – White Spring cave crayfish
  • Cambarus veteranus Faxon, 1914 DD – Guyandotte River crayfish
  • Cambarus williami R. W. Bouchard & J. W. Bouchard, 1995 NT – Brawleys Fork crayfish
  • Cambarus zophonastes Hobbs & Bedinger, 1964 CR – Hell Creek cave crayfish

References

  1. [1]
    Horton H. Hobbs Jr. (1974). "A Checklist of the North and Middle American Crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae and Cambaridae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 166 (166): 1–161. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.166.
  2. [2]
    Longshaw, Matt (2016). Biology and Ecology of Crayfish. New York: CRC Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781498767323.
  3. [3]
    Holdich, David M. (2002). Biology of Freshwater Crayfish. London: Blackwell Science. pp. 609–613. ISBN 978-0-632-05431-2.
  4. [4]
    Cordeiro, J. (2014). "Cambarus diogenes". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  5. [5]
    Buhay, J; et al. (February 2007). "Molecular taxonomy in the dark: Evolutionary history, phylogeography, and diversity of cave crayfish in the subgenus Aviticambarus, genus Cambarus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (2): 435–448. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.014. PMID 16971141.
  6. [6]
    "Cambarus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  7. [7]
    "Search". IUCN Red List. IUCN. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
  8. [8]
    James W. Fetzner Jr. (January 14, 2008). "Genus Cambarus Erichson, 1846". Crayfish Taxon Browser. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
  9. [9]
    Crandall, Keith A; De Grave, Sammy (September 2017). "An updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea) of the world, with a complete species list". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 37 (5): 615–653. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/rux070. ISSN 0278-0372.
  10. [10]
    Williams, BW; Delekta, EM; Loughman, ZJ (22 February 2019). "Redescription and circumscription of the Acuminate Crayfish, Cambarus acuminatus Faxon, 1884 (Decapoda: Cambaridae)". Zootaxa. 4560 (1): 40–50. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.2. PMID 30790990. S2CID 73459024. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  11. [11]
    "Cambarus adustus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  12. [12]
    "Cambarus aldermanorum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  13. [13]
    "Cambarus andersoni". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  14. [14]
    "Cambarus appalachiensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  15. [15]
    Roger F. Thoma; Zachary J. Loughman; James W. Fetzner Jr. (2014). "Cambarus (Puncticambarus) callainus, a new species of crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Big Sandy River basin in Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia, USA" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3900 (4): 541–554. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3900.4.5. PMID 25543755.
  16. [16]
    "Cambarus clairitae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  17. [17]
    "Cambarus diupalma". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  18. [18]
    Loughman, Zachary J; Williams, Bronwyn W (December 2021). "Cambarus ectopistes sp. nov., a new stream-dwelling crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the French Broad, Pigeon, and Nolichucky River watersheds in the Appalachian Mountain region of North Carolina and Tennessee, USA". Zootaxa. 5082 (4): 322–340. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.2. PMID 35390961. S2CID 245339895. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  19. [19]
    "Cambarus guenteri". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  20. [20]
    "Cambarus hazardi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  21. [21]
    Jennifer E. Buhay; Keith A. Crandall (2009). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfish in the genus Cambarus subgenus Aviticambraus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with descriptions of two new species, C. speleocoopi and C. laconensis, endemic to Alabama, U.S.A." Journal of Crustacean Biology. 29 (1): 121–134. doi:10.1651/08-3089.1.
  22. [22]
    "Cambarus lentiginosus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  23. [23]
    "Cambarus magerae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  24. [24]
    "Cambarus pauleyi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  25. [25]
    "Cambarus polypilosus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  26. [26]
    "Cambarus stockeri". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  27. [27]
    "Cambarus taylori". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  28. [28]
    "Cambarus theepiensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 March 2022.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cambarus.
  • Fitzgerald, Alicia (2013-10-08) [2006]. "Crayfish". The Virtual Nature Trail at Penn State New Kensington. The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
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