Formation and early years (2007–2010)

The CWHL was an initiative spearheaded by players including Jennifer Botterill, Lisa-Marie Breton, Allyson Fox, Kathleen Kauth, Kim McCullough, and Sami Jo Small, all of whom played in the original National Women's Hockey League, which disbanded in 2007. The players worked with a group of volunteer business people to form the CWHL. The league, which would operate as a non-profit business, would be responsible for all travel, ice rentals, uniforms, and some equipment costs, but would not pay salaries.^[2][3] Unlike the NWHL, in which teams were independently owned and operated, the CWHL was to be centrally run, and teams formed affiliations with local youth hockey associations.^[4] In addition to top Canadian players, the league ultimately attracted American and international players.^[5][6]

In 2007, Hockey Canada announced that it would revamp the Esso Women's Nationals, with the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) finalists meeting the CWHL finalists in a playoff.^[4] Beginning in 2009, teams from the two leagues competed for the Clarkson Cup at the end of the season.^[7]

The Brampton Thunder won the first CWHL championship in 2008, winning 4–3 over the Mississauga Chiefs in the final.^[8] In 2008–09, the Montreal Stars won 25 of 30 games and the CWHL Championship before going on to win the first Clarkson Cup over the Minnesota Whitecaps.^[7] The Stars would take a third straight regular season championship the following season. The CWHL did not have an individual playoff champion in 2010 but instead had a Clarkson Cup qualifying playoff. The Stars and Chiefs qualified for the Cup tournament from their regular season records and the Thunder qualified through the playoff. The Thunder then played into the Clarkson Cup final but lost to the Whitecaps.^[9]

Restructuring and stabilization (2010–2017)

Prior to the 2010–11 season, the league underwent a structural reorganization, which it considered a relaunch.^[10] Changes included the Chiefs, Ottawa Senators, and Vaughan Flames ceasing operations; the addition of a new Toronto team; and expansion into the United States with a team in Boston.^[11] This left the league with five teams: Montreal, Brampton, and the Burlington Barracudas, along with the Boston Blades and the Toronto Furies (who were referred to simply as Toronto CWHL during their inaugural season). The league also held its first draft in 2010, although it was limited the three Greater Toronto Area teams as the league decided that without paying salaries, it was infeasible to force players to relocate.^[12]

The league announced on April 19, 2011, that it would expand to Alberta ahead of the 2011–12 season, welcoming a single team combining the former Edmonton Chimos and Strathmore Rockies of the WWHL.^[13][14] The move effectively marked the end of the WWHL, and controversially left its remaining teams—the Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs—as independent teams without a league to play in.^[15] The new CWHL team was initially called Team Alberta; it adopted the unofficial Alberta Honeybadgers moniker for its second season, before settling on becoming the Calgary Inferno in 2013.^[16] These developments also led to the Clarkson Cup becoming the playoff championship trophy solely for the CWHL.

Changes continued in 2012 with Burlington folding and the league creating a new draft system whereby players in Boston, Alberta, and Montreal could choose which team they would play on, while players in the GTA could be drafted to play for either of the two GTA teams—Brampton or Toronto. A player's pre-draft declaration of the regional area in which they wished to play could be altered after the draft. As a result of these rules, players wishing to leave GTA teams to play in Boston, Alberta, or Montreal could do so as desired, without compensation to the GTA team that they left. Players who wished to leave one GTA team to go to the other GTA team could only be moved upon a trade between the teams.

In November 2012, the CWHL announced partnerships between the Furies and Inferno with their local National Hockey League (NHL) counterparts, the Toronto Maple Leafs and Calgary Flames.^[17][18] The announcement marked a reversal from the position that sponsorships could not be directed to particular teams but only to the league, with the partnerships providing funding for coaches, equipment, and travel expenses, and greater opportunities for marketing and promotion. The Leafs partnership also led to the first CWHL All-Star Game in 2014, hosted by the Leafs at Air Canada Centre.^[19] In 2015, the league announced a similar arrangement between the Stars and the Montreal Canadiens, which led to the Stars re-branding as Les Canadiennes de Montréal.^[20][21] In 2012, the CWHL also announced a partnership with You Can Play, an LGTBQ organization, to promote inclusiveness—it was the first league to partner with the organization.^[22]

In early 2015, the CWHL began working with entrepreneur Dani Rylan to establish an expansion team in New York. However, Rylan ultimately changed plans and instead announced the establishment of a new National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) with four teams in the Northeastern United States.^[23] The new league claimed to be the first true professional women's hockey league, offering player salaries ranging from $10,000 to $26,000 per year.^[23] However, in 2017 the NWHL cut salaries in half, calling its stability into question.^[24]

Chinese expansion and player stipends (2017–2019)

The CWHL announced on June 5, 2017, that it would expand to China, adding Kunlun Red Star WIH, a team controlled by the Kontinental Hockey League's Kunlun Red Star, and the Vanke Rays, both based in Shenzhen.^[25][26] The expansion plan was designed to help Chinese hockey development in preparation for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, while bringing significant partnership revenue to the CWHL.^[26][27] In order to minimize travel, each North American team made one trip to China to play a four-game series, while the Chinese teams likewise had road games in North America grouped into sets.^[26][28] Kunlun Red Star's debut season was a success, with the team advancing to the Clarkson Cup final, losing 2–1 in overtime to the Thunder.^[29]

Alongside the expansion, the league announced it would also begin paying its players for the first time.^[30][31] Player stipends were set to a minimum of $2,000 per season and a maximum of $10,000, with a $100,000 salary cap for teams.^[30][31] This made the CWHL the second North American women's hockey league to pay its players after the NWHL. The CWHL's move came shortly after the NWHL cut player salaries in half.^[30] Alongside the introduction of stipends, the CWHL also boosted prize money and salaries for coaches and managers.^[26] Despite the move to pay stipends, the CWHL remained registered as an amateur league with the Canada Revenue Agency.^[32]

In January 2018, the Furies' Jessica Platt came out as a transgender woman, making her the first transgender woman to come out in North American professional hockey, and second transgender professional player after Harrison Browne came out as a transgender man in the NWHL in 2016.^[22]

On July 19, 2018, league commissioner Brenda Andress announced she would be stepping down, and Jayna Hefford was named interim commissioner.^[33][34] The league consolidated its Chinese teams ahead of the 2018–19 season by merging Vanke and Kunlun, rebranding the team as Shenzhen KRS Vanke Rays.^[35][36] Before the end of the year, the league also restructured its board after losing its largest financial backer amid alleged economic challenges.^[37][38]

Collapse (2019)

On March 31, 2019, it was announced by the CWHL board of directors that the league would discontinue operations effective May 1. The league cited financial instability due in part to the fragmentation of corporate sponsors between the CWHL and NWHL, noting that the Chinese partnership had kept the league operating during the previous two seasons. The board of directors stated that it owed its players more than the league could continue to provide, suggested that there may only be room for one women's league, and encouraged the players to push any successor leagues to pay a livable wage.^[32] Players were not consulted prior to the decision, and tended to express shock and anger at the abrupt closure of the league.^[39][40]

The Furies, Les Canadiennes, and the Inferno all released statements that their organizations intended to continue supporting women's hockey and pursuing professional opportunities.^[41][42][43] However, The Shenzhen KRS Vanke Rays proved to be the only former CWHL team to participate in a 2019–20 season by joining the Russian Zhenskaya Hockey League.^[44]

Final season (2018–19)

Former teams

Notes

^a In 2009 and 2010, the Clarkson Cup was awarded in a playoff between teams from the CWHL and the WWHL; Minnesota was the 2010 WWHL champion and defeated Brampton in the 2010 Clarkson Cup finals.

First overall picks

All-time leading scorers (2007–08 to 2018–19)

The annual CWHL scoring champion was awarded the Angela James Bowl.^[61] In 2011–12, rookie Meghan Agosta set a CWHL single-season record with 80 points.^[62]

All-time leaders in shutouts (2007–08 to 2014–15)

Kim St-Pierre (2008–09) and Sami Jo Small (2009–10) hold the single-season record with five shutouts.^[61][62]