27 February

In the days prior to more intense protests, student demonstrations against neoliberalism began in Mérida and later spread to Caracas, where other social groups then began to protest against Pérez's policies.^[21] Larger protests and rioting began on the morning of 27 February 1989 in Guarenas, a town in Miranda state about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Caracas, due to the increase in public transportation prices.^[3][22][23] A lack of timely intervention by authorities, as the rank and file of the Caracas Metropolitan Police [es] were on a labour strike, led the protests and rioting quickly spread to the capital and other towns across the country.^{[3][24][25][26]}

Protests in the Lara state also started with students demonstrating against the increase of student fares and continued with public transport users in general. With no apparent authority presence or action, the crowd turned violent, the protest spread and turned into looting throughout the city. At midday Lara's governor called for the National Guard to disperse protests in Barquisimeto due to the president's presence, resulting with limited demonstrations in the area.^[27] Pérez flew to Barquisimeto for a meeting of the Venezuelan Executives Association. According to Pérez's executive secretary, Ignacio Betancourt, he dismissed the warnings from ministers and other officials throughout the day. After being shown footage of lootings and demonstrations, Pérez dismissed it saying that events happened at noon and that the situation had calmed down. While meeting with the business executives, Pérez told his audience, "There is nothing to be alarmed about (...) We are going to take advantage of the crisis to generate well-being."^[28] Pérez ordered to commence Plan Ávila,^[29][30] a military contingency plan in place since the 1960s.^[31]

By noon, one delivery truck was reported to have been looted in central Caracas and protesters blocked the Francisco Fajardo Highway, which connected east to west Caracas.^[32] Students began to build barricades, which blocked the main thoroughfares in Caracas, and students of the Central University of Venezuela began to organize large protests against Pérez's new policies.^[33] Branches, empty bottle crates and other obstacles were placed at each of the highway intersections to block traffic. Lorries thought to be transporting food were stopped by the crowd, the driver was non-violently detained and the cargo was unloaded and distributed, after which the driver was asked to park the vehicle across the carriageway. When the Metropolitan Police arrived later, they said that they had orders to not interfere.^[34]

At 1:00 pm, police fired upon an increasingly large and agitated crowd near the Parque Central Complex, killing student Yulimar Reyes,^[35] shooting her in the face with a shotgun at point-blank range.^[34] 65 civilians were reported dead by 6:00 pm, with no severe casualties reported among authorities.^[35]

That afternoon, Interior Affairs Minister Alejandro Izaguirre delivered a televised message in which the government attempted to announce that the situation was under control, but he was unable to conclude his speech, saying "I can't" and going off screen.^[36] Through the night, some working class areas participated in parties with alcohol looted earlier in the day, including whisky, champagne and other food supplies.^[37]

28 February

Groups of hundreds of protesters began to spread throughout Caracas, writing messages on walls that said "The people are hungry" and "No more deception." There were report of particularly vious attacks on stores owned by foreigners, namely Chinese, Lebanese and Portuguese immigrants, accusing them of hoarding supplies and of being responsible for the shortages. The demonstrations grew into an open revolt where nearly all social groups participated in the rioting.^[37] At this time, Central Bank of Venezuela president Pedro Tinoco, Minister of Economy Eglée Iturbe de Blanco and Minister of Planning Miguel Rodríguez were at the IMF headquarters in Washington, D.C. signing a letter of intent to abide by the organization's economic prescriptions.^{[18][undue weight? – discuss]}

Despite initial debate within the government over how to manage the situation, a heavy-handed approach was implemented as a state of emergency and martial law were imposed.^[3] On February 28, suspended a number of articles of the Constitution, including Article 60 (right to individual liberty and security), Article 62 (inviolability of the home), Article 66 (freedom of expression), Article 71 (right to gather publicly and privately), and Article 115 (right to peaceful protest).^[38] According to army lieutenant Jesús Manuel Zambrano, he received instructions that day, saying "The order was: 'Go and neutralize that looting, how you do it is not my problem, but neutralize it'."^[13] Some groups of troops allowed organized thefts to occur, letting people enter shops and take only essential items.^[7][13] In public statements, Pérez spoke of defending the property of the wealthy while making polarized statements that poor individuals protesting–who were the majority in the nation–were "committed to violence" and were "subversives", resulting with the government rationalizing a violent response to demonstrations.^[2] Despite the government blaming radical political groups for the rioting, such groups themselves were surprised by the escalation of unrest and some attempted to prevent looting.^[13] Middle-class citizens responded to the protests by creating their own self-defense groups while the upper-class fled the situation in private jets due to fears of their property being destroyed.^[2]

• Rioters attempting to push over a bus
• Looters running with stolen goods
• Smoke billowing from fires throughout Caracas
• Crowds gathered during the rioting

1 March

In Petare, army troops opened fire on a group of people, killing twenty.^[7] Following the crackdown by authorities, gunfights between radical groups and the army began on 1 March, with the former believing that they were responding to armed political repression of their neighborhoods.^[13] Ensuing firefights resulted in many bystanders being killed by "bullets from army troops and from sniping protesters".^[3][1] Photojournalist Douglas Blanco questioned the presence of sharpshooters, saying "I was in the parts of El Valle and the 23 de Enero where supposedly there were sharpshooters, but that business sounds strange to me. You can't justify the shape in which those buildings in the 23 de Enero were left with the machine gunning by military and police. Do you have to destroy a building to eliminate a supposed sharpshooter?"^[13] Velasco states that gunfights between radical militants and army troops did occur, though that engagements were not equal in intensity.^[13] López Maya says that troops who entered 23 de Enero were young, inexperienced soldiers who fired automatic firearms indiscriminately at apartment blocks, killing unarmed residents inside.^[7]

2 March

On 2 March, reporter Fabricio Ojeda wrote "In the morning, following the second night of curfew, those who descended from the barrios to go to work tripped over bodies shot up during the curfew."^[13] Before curfew, José Calixto Blanco was shot in the face by troops at 2:00pm.^[13] That day, President Pérez flew in a helicopter from Miraflores Palace with the protection of a second attack helicopter to observe scenes of the Caracazo and upon his return to the palace, he publicly declared "There's normalcy in the city. I return very satisfied with the flyover I have made. All of the city, all the barrios are in complete normalcy."^[13] Reporters noted that he made this statement as gunfire could be heard within the palace from nearby neighborhoods.^[13]

3 March

During his first appearance among the foreign press, Pérez described the Caracazo as actions "against the rich" as a result of inequality.^[13] Protests in other large cities besides Caracas had largely subsided.^[7] At 3:00pm, army reservist Carlos H. Cuñar was shot by troops while leaving the 23 de Enero neighborhood to buy groceries, later dying after he drove himself to a hospital.^[13] By nightfall, militants in Zona Central who had been clashing with troops, began to run out of ammunition.^[13]

Pérez spoke with U.S. President George H. W. Bush, who offered Pérez a US$450 million emergency loan. Pérez thanked Bush and asked him to support a change in debt policy toward Latin America, saying "I want to tell you if there is no change in [international] debt policy then whatever we may do here may be useless".^{[This quote needs a citation]} Pérez told Bush that he had sent him a letter several days earlier and that he would appreciate it if he would read it.^[39]

4 March

In the morning, troops entered homes to search for armed individuals.^[13] As tensions eased, troops began to sweep through neighborhoods collecting appliances and cash registers and informing citizens that if they provided a certificate of purchase, the items would be returned.^[1] Citizens began to be observed in the streets participating in daily life and some businesses reopened.^[7] At this time, cemeteries began to grow crowded as individuals gathered to bury their loved ones who were killed earlier in the week.^[7]

5 March

The final documented death of the Caracazo was Napoleón Soto Vilera after being shot in the head from by an individual at the Naval Observatory near Sierra Maestra.^[13]

Political instability

The clearest consequence of the Caracazo was political instability. According to Velasco, the Caracazo is "[w]idely held as a turning point in Venezuelan history" and that it "exposed a deep fissure in the social pact between political elites and the electorate established in the wake of the 1958 democratic revolution that ousted Pérez Jiménez."^[13] Strønen makes a similar assessment, saying "El Caracazo made it clear that the illusion of a social contract between the poor and the rest of society was irrevocably compromised. From that moment on, the popular sectors become increasingly radicalized, which explains the massive support for the attempted coup led by Chávez."^[17]

In February 1990, the army was called to contain similar riots in Puerto La Cruz and Barcelona and again in June, when rising of transportation costs ended in riots in Maracaibo and other cities. The reforms were modified.^{[citation needed]}

Hugo Chávez recognized the Caracazo as the beginning of his Bolivarian Revolution.^[41] As part of the government's security forces, members of Chávez's MBR-200 allegedly participated in the crackdown;^[42] Chávez himself was sick that day with measles.^[43] The MBR-200, which in 1982 had promised to depose the bipartisanship governments,^[44] repudiated the Caracazo and accelerated its preparation for a coup d'état against the Perez government.^{[45][page needed]} Throughout the 1990s, MBR-200 participated in anti-austerity protests.^[6] In 1992, there were two attempted coups in February and November. Pérez was later accused of corruption and removed from the presidency. Chávez, an organiser of one of the coups, was found guilty of sedition and incarcerated, though he was subsequently pardoned by Pérez's successor, Rafael Caldera.^{[45][page needed]} MBR-200, Radical Cause and Movement Towards Socialism consolidated their political objectives into the Fifth Republic Movement,^[6] with Chávez winning the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election.

Investigations

Shortly after the Caracazo, the Minister of Defense said that 277 individuals were killed.^[7] A commission was established^[when?] in the Venezuelan Congress to investigate the events during the Caracazo and voted for a report that concluded that 277 people were killed as well. The votes included that of José Vicente Rangel, a prominent critic of Carlos Andrés Pérez's government^[46]

In 1998, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the government's action and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In 1999, the Court heard the case and found that the government had committed violations of human rights, including extrajudicial killings. The Venezuelan government, by then headed by Chávez, did not contest the findings of the case and accepted full responsibility for the government's actions.^[23]

Venezuelan attorney general Luisa Ortega Díaz ordered Pérez's extradition from the United States in 2009 as a result of his government's violent response during the Caracazo.^[47]

In August 2009, Defense Minister Italo del Valle Alliegro was charged in relation to the Caracazo.^[48] In July 2010, the Supreme Court overturned an appeal court ruling, which had declared the case covered by a statute of limitations.^[49]