Early carousels

The modern carousel emerged from early jousting traditions in Europe and the Middle East. Knights would gallop in a circle while tossing balls from one to another; an activity that required great skill and horsemanship. ^{[citation needed]} This game was introduced to Europe at the time of the Crusades from earlier Byzantine and Arab traditions. The word carousel originated from the Italian Carosella and Spanish Carosella ("little battle", used by crusaders to describe a combat preparation exercise and game played by Turkish and Arabian horsemen in the 12th century).^[4] This early device was essentially a cavalry training mechanism; it prepared and strengthened the riders for actual combat as they wielded their swords at the mock enemies.

By the 17th century, the balls had been dispensed with, and instead, the riders had to spear small rings that were hanging from poles overhead and rip them off. Cavalry spectacles that replaced medieval jousting, such as the ring tilt, were popular in Italy and France. The game began to be played by commoners, and carousels soon sprung up at fairgrounds across Europe. At the Place du Carrousel in Paris, an early make-believe carousel was set up with wooden horses for the children.^[5]

Another kind of carousel emerged in the 17th century in Belgium and France to celebrate special events. This was a ceremonial parade of knights and noblemen on horseback around a courtyard, accompanied by tournaments and various equestrian demonstrations and games, including the spearing of cardboard heads of "Moors" and "Saracens". The most famous carousel of this kind was held by Louis XIV in June 1662, in the courtyard of the Tuileries Palace, to celebrate the birth of his son and heir. The site of the event, next to the Louvre, is still known as "the Carrousel".^[6]

By the early 18th century carousels were being built and operated at various fairs and gatherings in central Europe and England. Animals and mechanisms would be crafted during the winter months and the family and workers would go touring in their wagon train through the region, operating their large menagerie carousel at various venues. Makers included Heyn in Germany and Bayol in France. These early carousels had no platforms; the animals would hang from chains and fly out from the centrifugal force of the spinning mechanism. They were often powered by animals walking in a circle or people pulling a rope or cranking.

By 1803 John Joseph Merlin had a carousel in his Mechanical Museum in London, where gentry and nobility liked to gather on winter evenings. The horses "floated free over a pole". It was connected to a "big musical instrument that played a fully orchestrated concerto" and from the first note, the carousel would start turning while each horse would make a galloping movement with a visitor riding on its back. Merlin did not patent his inventions and engineers were allowed to come to create their own models of his creations.^[7]

Direction of rotation

Viewed from above, in the United Kingdom, merry-go-rounds, called "gallopers" by the showmen community when populated by model horses, usually turn clockwise (from the outside, animals face to the left), while in North America and Mainland Europe, carousels typically go counterclockwise (animals face to the right).^[8]

Modern carousels

By the mid-19th century, the platform carousel was developed; the animals and chariots were fixed to a circular floor that would suspend from a centre pole and rotate around. These carousels were called dobbies and were operated manually by the operator or by ponies.

In mid-19th-century England, the carousel became a popular fixture at fairs. The first steam-powered mechanical roundabout, invented by Thomas Bradshaw, appeared at the Pot Market fair in Bolton in about 1861. It was described by a Halifax Courier journalist as "a roundabout of huge proportions, driven by a steam engine which whirled around with such impetuosity, that the wonder is the daring riders are not shot off like cannonball, and driven half into the middle of next month."^[9]

Soon afterwards, English engineer Frederick Savage began to branch out of agricultural machinery production into the construction of fairground machines, swiftly becoming the chief innovator in the field. Savage's fairground machinery was exported all over the world.^[10] By 1870, he was manufacturing carousels with Velocipedes (an early type of bicycle) and he soon began experimenting with other possibilities, including a roundabout with boats that would pitch and roll on cranks with a circular motion, a ride he called 'Sea-on-Land'.^[11]

Savage applied a similar innovation to the more traditional mount of the horse; he installed gears and offset cranks on the platform carousels, thus giving the animals their well-known up-and-down motion as they traveled around the center pole – the galloping horse.^[10] The platform served as a position guide for the bottom of the pole and as a place for people to walk or other stationary animals or chariots to be placed. He called this ride the 'Platform Gallopers'. He also developed the 'platform-slide' which allowed the mounts to swing out concentrically as the carousel built up speed. Fairground organs (band organs) were often present (if not built-in) when these machines operated. Eventually electric motors were installed and electric lights added, giving the carousel its classic look.

These mechanical innovations came at a crucial time, when increased prosperity meant that more people had time for leisure and spare money to spend on entertainment. It was in this historical context that the modern fairground ride was born, with Savage supplying this new market demand. In his 1902 Catalogue for Roundabouts he claimed to have "... patented and placed upon the market all the principal novelties that have delighted the many thousands of pleasure seekers at home and abroad."^[12]

In the United States, the carousel industry was developed by immigrants, notably Gustav Dentzel of Germany and Charles W.F. Dare from England, from the late 19th century. Several centers and styles for the construction of carousels emerged in the United States:

• Coney Island style – characterized by elaborate and sometimes faux-jeweled saddles,^[13] as well as mirrors to catch and reflect lights.^[14] This style was pioneered by Charles I. D. Looff.
• Philadelphia style – known for more realistically painted saddles, this style was pioneered by Dentzel and the Philadelphia Toboggan Company.^[15]
• Country Fair style – often with no saddles at all, this style was pioneered Allan Herschell and Edward Spillman of western New York, and Charles W. Parker of Kansas.

The golden age of the carousel in America was the early 20th century,^{[citation needed]} with large machines and elaborate animals, chariots, and decorations being built.

• Pictured in Margate, England in the 1880s, Savage's amusement ride, Sea-On-Land, where the riders would pitch up and down as if they were on the sea. His "galloping horse" innovation is seen on carousels today.
• Carousel built in 1905 by Gustav Dentzel which is still operational in Rochester, New York
• A 1909 horse by Marcus Illions in the Coney Island style
• 1900 horse by Salvatore Cernigliaro for Dentzel in the Philadelphia style
• Carousel horse by Allan Herschell Company in the Country Fair style

Pre-1869

1870–1879

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Notable carousels built 1870–1879

Name	Year	Location	Builder	Brass ring	Notes	Image	References
Charles Looff Carroussel	1875	Coney Island, New York	Looff		First carousel and amusement ride at Coney Island. Installed at Mrs. Lucy Vanderveer's Bathing Pavilion in 1876. It was probably burned during the devastating fire on Coney Island in 1911.[20]		[citation needed]
Flying Horses Carousel	1876	Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts	Charles Dare		The nation's oldest platform carousel has been designated by the U.S. Department of the Interior as a national landmark. Constructed in 1876 by Charles Dare, it is one of only two Dare carousels still in existence. Originally operated at a Coney Island, NY amusement park, it was moved to Oak Bluffs in 1884, where it has lived in its red barn, delighting generations of Island residents and visitors ever since. The carousel was acquired by the Martha's Vineyard Preservation Trust in 1986 to prevent it from being dismantled and sold piecemeal to collectors of antique carved horses.		[citation needed]
Flying Horse Carousel	1876	Watch Hill, Westerly, Rhode Island	Charles Dare		Built in 1876 and listed as a National Historic Landmark. It is one of two Charles Dare carousels in existence. It is considered the oldest of its type "in which the horses are suspended from a center frame," as opposed to being mounted on a wooden platform, which causes the horses to "fly" as the carousel gains speed.		[21]
Melbourne Zoo Carousel	1878	Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia			Built in 1878 in England and imported to Australia in the 1880s by John Briggs. The carousel traveled the show circuit until 1963, when it finally arrived at Melbourne Zoo. Restoration completed 2005.		[22][23]

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1880–1889

1890–1899

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Notable carousels built 1890–1899

Name	Year	Location	Builder	Brass ring	Notes	Image	References
Gallopers, Hobart, Tasmania	c. 1890 or earlier (other sources say 1885 or 1882)	Hobart, Tasmania	Howcrofts of Hartlepool / Savage's of Kings Lynn (conversion)		Originally constructed with "leaping hounds" by Howcrofts of Hartlepool and operated for 40 years around the north of England by the showman family of Emerson & Hazard; hounds replaced with horses and cockerels by Savage's of Kings Lynn, Norfolk, prior to 1920; subsequently at Dreamland, Margate, UK, circa 1940s-1980. Purchased in 1990 by Mark Money of Kingston, Tasmania and subsequently restored to full working order, with what is stated to be the original steam engine operating it, and operated around Tasmania, including the Hobart waterfront and the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, circa 2009-2013. This photograph taken in 2013; the ride was offered for sale in 2016 but whether or not it was sold at that time is not presently known. See also additional notes accompanying this image, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallopers-Tasmania-2013-01.jpg		[26][27][28]
Letná Carousel	1892	Letná Park, Prague			The oldest preserved carousel in Europe. Has been renovated recently (2022). The carousel is still located in the original wooden pavilion and the interior is furnished in its almost original form from 1892. It features 21 horses covered with real horse skin and four cars.		[29]
Darling Harbor Carousel	c.1890s	Tumbalong Park, Darling Harbour, Sydney			A New South Wales Heritage listed attraction. It is an example of an old Edwardian Carousel which are very rare nowadays. It is operated by a classic steam engine which has been retained. The Carousel dates back to the 'Golden Age' of Carousels between the 1890s to the 1920s. First imported to Australia in 1894.		[30]
The Flotilla	c.1894	High Park, CNE grounds, Munro Park	O. L. Hicks		Miniature boats (replicas of Columbus' ships) travelled in a circular trough. Chains pulled the boats.		[31][32]
Stoomcarrousel	c.1895–1903	Efteling. Kaatsheuvel. Brabant. The Netherlands	Hendrik Janvier		This carousel was built between 1895 and 1903 by designer Hendrik Janvier (1868–1932). Janvier was the progenitor of the famous Dutch funfair family Janvier and is seen as the founder of the Stoormcarrousel tradition. He used tools from different manufacturers, because there did not yet exist a dedicated stoomcarrousel manufacturer yet. Upgrades and renovations were made in the years after 1903. Today this old stoomcarrousel is located in the Efteling (Themepark). In 1955 the Efteling bought the ride for ƒ 15.475,-. (Gulden) from the Janvier family. It reopened in 1956. Originally, the price for a ticket to make a ride, was only 5 cents. Before the purchase by the Efteling, the Stoomcarrousel was named is 'Stoomcaroussel' . (1 r & 2 s') Contains: 22 Horses, 4 Coaching's, 2 Pigs & 2 clowns. Music played by: 1 Gavioli organ Engine: Fam. König, Swalmen,		None
Steam Gallopers	1895	Carters Steam Fair (traveling)	Robert Tidman & Sons of Norwich		Run on steam to this day		[33]
Crescent Park Looff Carousel	1895	Crescent Park, East Providence, Rhode Island	Looff		Still operates in its original location. The 61 horses, one camel, and four chariots have been restored and the ride renovated. Charles I. D. Looff used this carousel as a showpiece for prospective customers. This is one of the few carousels that feature a ring-arm with steel rings and a brass ring. The original A. Ruth & Sohn organ still plays music for the patrons.		[citation needed]

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1900–1909

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Notable carousels built 1900–1909

Name	Year	Location	Builder	Brass ring	Notes	Image	References
Forest Park Carousel	1903	Woodhaven section of the New York City borough of Queens	Muller Brothers		One of only two surviving Muller brothers carousels, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.		[34][35]
Dentzel Menagerie Carousel	1905	Ontario Beach Park in Rochester, New York	Dentzel		Still in operation, the historic Dentzel Menagerie Carousel is one of only fourteen operating antique menagerie carousels in the United States.		[36]
Lakeside Park Carousel	1905	Historic Lakeside Park in Port Dalhousie, Ontario, Canada	Looff/Kremer		Brought to St. Catharines in 1921. It continues to provide amusement for young and old alike, at just 5 cents a ride.		[37]
Children's Creativity Museum Carousel	1906	Children's Creativity Museum in Yerba Buena Gardens, San Francisco	Looff		Sent to Seattle after the 1906 earthquake and returned to serve at Playland-at-the-Beach until that park's demise in 1972.		[38]
Centreville Carousel	1907	Centreville Amusement Park, Toronto Islands, Toronto, Ontario, Canada	Dentzel Carousel Company		Acquired from Bushkill Park in Easton, Pennsylvania in 1966. Although it was sold to Carmel, Indiana in mid-2017, the deal was not approved by Carmel city council and the carousel currently remains in Toronto.		[39][40]
Carousel El Dorado	1907	Toshimaen in Tokyo, Japan (1971-current) Steeplechase Park in New York (1911–1964)	Hugo Haase [de]		Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan) No.38		[41]
Heritage Carousel	1908	Heritage Museums and Gardens in Sandwich, Massachusetts	Looff		Electrically powered. Originally built for a park in Meridian, Mississippi; acquired by Josiah K. Lilly III in 1968 and reassembled at Heritage Museums & Gardens in 1972.		[42]
Riverfront Park Carousel	1909	Riverfront Park in Spokane, Washington	Looff		Originally installed at the Natatorium Park in Spokane.		[43]
Albany Carousel and Museum	1909	Downtown Albany, Oregon	Dentzel		Dentzel Menagerie Carousel completely rebuilt in the downtown area of Albany, Oregon, completion date set for June 2017. The carousel is housed in a state of the art 22,000-square-foot facility which includes a complete artist studio for the creation of additional animals. Construction used old growth timber that was completely re-manufactured from the previous building that housed the carving studio circa 1920.		[44]

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1910–1919

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Notable carousels built 1910–1919

Name	Year	Location	Builder	Brass ring	Notes	Image	References
Balboa Park Carousel	1910	Balboa Park, San Diego, California	Herschell-Spillman		Initially shipped to Los Angeles and arrived in the San Diego area in 1915. In Balboa Park since 1922.		[45]
Santa Cruz Looff Carousel	1911	Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk, Santa Cruz, California	Looff		One of the few carousels still in its original location for more than 100 years. It is a "pure carousel" meaning all of the horses were provided by the same company that built the carousel. It is also one of the few with the rare combination of a working ring dispenser and outside row jumping horses. The carousel features three band organs including a rare Ruth & Sohn 96-key organ with 342 pipes. The Looff carousel was designated a national historic landmark in 1987.		[46]
Tilden Park Merry-Go-Round	1911	Tilden Park in Berkeley, California	Herschell-Spillman		Built in 1911 by the Herschell-Spillman Company and is one of the few carousels from its day still in operation. In 1976 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.		[47][48]
Pullen Park Carousel	1912	Pullen Park, Raleigh, North Carolina	Dentzel		52 wooden animals carved by Salvatore Cernigliaro. Added to National Register of Historic Places in 1976.		[49]
Merry-Go-Round Steam Gallopers	1912	Hollycombe Steam Collection (traveling)	Tidman of Norwich		A working steam driven Merry-Go-Round with 3-abreast Steam Gallopers. It has 24 horses, six cockerels and two chariots (for those who don't relish the galloping motion). It is driven by a steam centre engine, also Tidman, and has revolving pillars, which are believed to be the only ones still operating. Musical accompaniment is driven by a slotted card Tidman organ engine.		[50]
Nunley's Carousel	1912	Cradle of Aviation Museum, Garden City, New York	Stein and Goldstein Artistic Carousel Co.		Operated at Nunley's Amusement Park, Baldwin, N.Y. until that park's closure in 1995. Subsequently, purchased by Nassau County and placed in storage. It was fully restored and opened in 2009 at the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City, N.Y.		[51]
Cafesjian's Carousel	1914	Como Park, Saint Paul, Minnesota			A mainstay at the Minnesota State Fair from 1914 to 1988, when it was saved from the auction block by a non-profit group organized to save the landmark. The carousel is now located in Como Park in Saint Paul, Minnesota.		[52]
Grand Ole Carousel	1915	Six Flags St. Louis, Eureka, Missouri	Philadelphia Toboggan Company #35		Built by Philadelphia Toboggan Company in 1915 for Cleveland's Luna Park. Relocated to Puritas Springs, Cleveland, from 1930 to 1958 then Indian Lake Park, Russell's Point, Ohio, 1959 to 1971. Acquired by Six Flags St. Louis in 1972 where it opened in the park's England themed section (now Britannia) as "Carousel." It was renamed "Grand Ole Carousel" in 1984, then "Enchanted Carousel" in 1995. In 1998, its name reverted to "Grand Ole Carousel."		[53]
Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome	1916	Santa Monica Pier, Santa Monica, California	Philadelphia Toboggan Company		Housed a carousel by Looff until it was sold in 1939. It was replaced by Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel No. 62, which was moved from the Ocean Park Pier. Since 1977, the carousel has been owned by the city. The building remains a rare example of structures that used to be on the amusement pier. It was restored from 1977 through 1981. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.		[54][55]
Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum	1916	Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum, North Tonawanda, NY	Herschell-Spillman		Features two working carousels: The largest is a 1916 model that is 40 feet (12.2 m) in diameter, with 36 hand-carved horses and over 580 lights. The second is a small aluminum carousel specifically designed for children. The museum is located in the building complex which housed the Allan Herschell Company and is the only museum in the world housed inside an authentic carousel factory.		[56]

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1920–1929

1930–1939

• The King Arthur Carrousel has existed since 1932 and was moved to Disneyland in 1954. It is an assembly of two carousels. Walt Disney wanted it to have four courses of all jumpers. The remaining chariot woodwork was repurposed as the "Calliope" tenders of Casey Jr. Circus Train powered gravity coaster.^[62]

1940–1949

• The carousel at Harper Motors is an iconic landmark on the North Coast of California. It was bought by the dealerships owner Harvey Harper in 1991, after purchase this 1947 Allan Herschell Carousel was shipped to Oakland by train and drive to Eureka in a semi-truck. It took a year to assemble on site. It was refurbished and repainted in 2013 which caused the ride to be closed for a month. It is open daily free of charge to the public from 12–4 except on holidays and when inclement weather doesn't allow for riders.^[63]

Unique and record breaking

• The carousel at Phantasialand in Germany is one of the biggest in the world, made by Preston & Barbieri one historical amusement ride factory in Italy.^[64]
• The world's only two-row stationary carousel built from an original Dentzel blueprint left in existence,^[65] the Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building, is located in Highland Park in Meridian, Mississippi.
• In May 2005, William Henry Dentzel III, built the world's first solar-powered carousel. The carousel operates during Solfest at the Solar Living Institute in Hopland, California.^[66][67]
• There is only one carousel in the world that rides in a waving motion – "Over the Jumps: The Arkansas Carousel" in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is also the only remaining wooden track carousel built by the Herschell & Spillman Company, and one of only four track carousels still in existence.^{[citation needed]}
• The carousel at Conneaut Lake Park in Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania is the last T.M. Harton Carousel that is still in operation and its Artizan band organ is one of two known of the same model in the world.^{[citation needed]}
• In 2007, SeaWorld Orlando opened Sea Carousel, Florida's first aquatic carousel.^{[citation needed]}
• In 2012, Buttonwood Park Zoo opened an Americana carousel by Chance Rides.
• In 2013, Palm Beach International Equestrian Center opened a Bertazzon Venetian Carousel as part of the Winter Equestrian Festival (the first carousel to be used in events besides South Florida Fair and the first Palm Beach County carousel built by Bertazzon)
• Binghamton, New York is considered the "Carousel Capital of the World" for the six original carousels in the Triple Cities area, donated by George F. Johnson, owner of the Endicott-Johnson Company early in the 20th century. These carousels, manufactured by the Allen Hershell Company in the "country fair" style, were donated with the express stipulation that they would never charge admission for anyone to ride them. Apparently when Mr. Johnson was a child he was frequently too poor to ride the local carousel and he vowed this would never happen to another child in the area. The carousel at the Ross park zoo in Binghamton, NY does charge admission, in a way, as it requires the child to drop one piece of litter found in the park into a trash barrel in order to ride. This is all written on a plaque at the entrance to the carousel.{Greater Binghamton New York Convention and Visitors Bureau, visitbinghamton.org, March 2014} ^{[citation needed]}

• The two double-decker Columbia Carousels built by Chance Rides and located at Six Flags Great America and California's Great America are the two tallest carousels in the world.^[68]
• The Merry-Go-Round at Bear Mountain State Park in New York, features hand-painted scenes of the Park and 42 hand-carved seats of native animals including a black bear, a wild turkey, a deer, a raccoon, a skunk, a Canada goose, a fox, a swan, a bobcat, a rabbit, and more.^[69]
• On Canada Day 2016, a new attraction was opened in Downtown Markham, Ontario. The Pride of Canada Carousel was commissioned by Christopher Bratty, current president of the real estate and development firm The Remington Group.^[70] The carousel was produced and originally envisioned by Shelley M. Shier of Broadway Bound Fine Arts and Entertainment for The Remington Group.^[71] The carousel sits inside a glass pavillon designed by Sheldon Levitt from Quardrangle Architects.^[72] The carousel itself features 44 ride-able reusable material sculptures representing different elements of Canadian culture. It was designed by artist Patrick Amiot who worked with the Brass Ring Carousel Company to build the ride.^[73]
• Ice floe carousels have been constructed on frozen lakes.^[74] For example, in 2017 an ice carousel was made in Finland. It was constructed by cutting the ice in a circle with a chainsaw. ^[75]