The chi (Tongyong Pinyin chih) is a traditional Chinese unit of length. Although it is often translated as the "Chinese foot", its length was originally derived from the distance measured by a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger, and is similar to the ancient span. It first appeared during China's Shang dynasty approximately 3,000 years ago and has since been adopted by other East Asian cultures such as Japan (shaku), Korea (ja/cheok), and Vietnam (thước). Its present value is standardized at around one-third metre (1 ft 1 in), although the exact standards vary among the mainland of the People's Republic of China, its special administrative region of Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
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Quick Facts Chek (Hong Kong), General information ...
Chek (Hong Kong) |
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a section of an old Hong Kong ruler, showing the last (10th) cun of a chi. One can see that the chi in that jurisdiction was exactly equal to 14+5/8 of an inch. A metric ruler is shown next to it for comparison |
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Unit system | traditional Chinese unit |
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Unit of | length |
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1 chek (hong kong) in ... | ... is equal to ... |
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metric (SI) units | 0.371475 m ~371.5 mm |
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imperial/US units | 1.21875 ft 14+5/8 in |
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Quick Facts Unit system, Unit of ...
Chi (Taiwan) |
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Unit system | traditional Taiwan unit |
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Unit of | length |
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1 chi (taiwan) in ... | ... is equal to ... |
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metric (SI) units | 10⁄33 m ~303.0 mm |
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imperial/US units | ~0.99419 ft ~11.930 in |
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In its ancient and modern forms, the chi is divided into 10 smaller units known as cun (the "Chinese inch"). 10 chi are equal to 1 zhàng.[1]
In the People's Republic of China, chi has been defined since 1984 as exactly 1/3 of a metre, i.e., 33+1⁄3 cm (13.1 in) . However, in the Hong Kong SAR the corresponding unit, pronounced chek in Cantonese, is defined as exactly 0.371475 m (1 ft 2.6250 in) or 1 7/32 ft.[2]
The two units are sometimes referred to in English as "Chinese foot" and "Hong Kong foot".
In Taiwan, chi is the same as the Japanese shaku, i.e., 10⁄33 metre (11.93 in)[citation needed].
The study of ancient rulers and other artifacts whose size in the contemporary chi was known allowed modern researchers to surmise that during the 2nd century BC to 3rd century AD the (Qin dynasty to Han dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period), the value of the chi varied between 23.1 and 24.3 cm (9.1 and 9.6 in).[3] Even earlier, during the Warring States era, the value of chi was essentially the same.[4]
It is thought that the ancient Chinese astronomers also used chi as an angular unit; modern analysis of historical records indicates that it may have been equal to one degree.[5]
In the 19th century, the value of the chi, depending on the part of the country and the application, varied between 31 and 36 cm (12 and 14 in). According to an 1864 British report, in most of China the chi used by engineers in public works was equal to 12.71 inches (32.3 cm), the surveyors' chi was 12.058 inches (30.63 cm), while the value generally used for measuring distances was 12.17 inches (30.9 cm). In Guangzhou, however, the chi used for local trade varied from 14.625 to 14.81 inches (37.15 to 37.62 cm) – i.e., very close to the modern chek. The value fixed by a Sino-British treaty for the purposes of customs duties in Hong Kong was 14.1 inches (36 cm).[6]
Shuowen Jiezi (説文解字), "尺,所以指尺䂓榘事也。" East Asian usually makes spanning with his/her thumb and forefinger, instead of pinkie. Liu, C. Y. (1987). "A Research on the Implication of Zhang-Chi in Ancient Chinese Astronomical Records". Acta Astronomica Sinica. 28 (4): 402. Bibcode:1987AcASn..28..397L.
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