Christian corporatism is a societal, economic, or a modern political application of the Christian doctrine of Paul of Tarsus in I Corinthians 12:12-31 where Paul speaks of an organic form of politics and society where all people and components are functionally united, like the human body.^[1]

Christian corporatism has been supported by the Roman Catholics, Protestants and Christian democrats.^[2][3] The rise of the Christian Democratic movement tempered the more authoritarian Corporatism in the 1800s. Economic application of Christian corporatism has promoted consultations between employers and workers.^[2]

During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church sponsored the creation of various institutions including brotherhoods, monasteries, religious orders, and military associations, especially during the Crusades to sponsor connection between these groups.^[4]

Catholic corporatism has its origins in the counter-revolutionary catholic circles in continental Europe. These movements attacked the outcomes of the French Revolution; liberalism, democracy, secularism and anti-clericalism. These attacks were also directed at the Manchester school of economics, and so there was a desire for corporations that were like the old guild system.^[5] However, even by the 1880s this thought was a romanticized view of medieval guilds. Unsurprisingly, and many of its early advocate, including Adam Mueller and Karl Von Vogelsang, were landed aristocrats.^[6]

In 1881, Pope Leo XIII commissioned theologians and social thinkers to study corporatism and provide a definition for it. In 1884 in Freiburg, Germany, the commission declared that corporatism was a "system of social organization that has at its base the grouping of men according to the community of their natural interests and social functions, and as true and proper organs of the state they direct and coordinate labor and capital in matters of common interest."^[7]

In 1885, in Fribourg, Switzerland, Bishop Mermillod held a meeting of leading Catholics studying the social Question, in hopes to internationalize this study.^[8] Referred to as the Union de Fribourg, this group developed a number of positions that reflect corporatism. When in 1888 the Pope gave them an audience, they affirmed the dignity of labor, and made notes on property ownership and market speculation. They also gave detail reports on a moral minimum wage, Credit and interest, and an early elaboration on the corporative organization of society.^[9] However at these stages, the corporatists were quite enamored with guilds and only endorsed mixed associations of employers and employees.^[10] Another meeting, the corporatist internationale was held in Berlin in 1890, which further encouraged the growth of the movement.^[11]

In 1891, Pope Leo XIII issued the papal encyclical Rerum novarum, which is considered foundational to catholic social thought.^[12] In the encyclical the pope rejected class war and called for cooperation and mutual agreement between Employers and Employees.^[12] Often the Encyclical is taken as the Church blessing trade unions.^[11] However some dispute this and argue that the papacy was really talking about workers relief organizations, instead of the modern trade union.^[13] The pope also condemned any workers associations with bad principles and people coerced workers into joining these workers associations. Instead he called for Catholic workers to form their own associations.^[14] Many corporatist unions in Europe were backed by the Roman Catholic Church to challenge the rise of anarchist, Marxist and other radical unions, with the corporatist unions being fairly conservative in comparison to their radical rivals.^[15] Furthermore, the pope calls for mixed worker-owner associations with a specific emphasis on Catholicism to help the working class.

In response to the rise in popularity of Roman Catholic corporatism in the 1890s, Protestant corporatism arose, especially in Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia.^[3] In the Netherlands, protestant corporatism can be found in the works of Abraham Kuyper, whose ideas partially inspired the polder model.^[25]

However, corporatism in the Netherlands and Scandinavia was far less influential in the interwar period then that in Southern, Central and eastern Europe.^[26]