Chromosome_1_(human)

Chromosome 1

Chromosome 1

Human chromosome

Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome. Humans have two copies of chromosome 1, as they do with all of the autosomes, which are the non-sex chromosomes. Chromosome 1 spans about 249 million nucleotide base pairs, which are the basic units of information for DNA.[4] It represents about 8% of the total DNA in human cells.[5]

Quick Facts Features, Length (bp) ...

It was the last completed chromosome, sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project.

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 1. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[6]

More information Estimated by, Protein-coding genes ...

Gene list

See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 1

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 1. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

  • C1orf112: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open reading frame 112
  • C1orf127: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open reading frame 127
  • C1orf27: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open reading frame 27
  • C1orf38: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open reading frame 38
  • CCDC181: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 181
  • DENN1B: hypothesized to be related to asthma
  • FHAD1: encoding protein Forkhead-associated domain containing protein 1
  • LOC100132287: uncharacterized protein
  • LRRIQ3: encoding protein Leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 3
  • Shisa family member 4: encoding protein Shisa family member 4
  • TINAGL1: encoding protein Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-like

p-arm

Partial list of the genes located on p-arm (short arm) of human chromosome 1:

  • AADACL3: Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 3
  • AADACL4: Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 4
  • ACADM: acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain
  • ACTG1P6: encoding protein Actin, gamma 1 pseudogene 6
  • ACTL8: Actin-like 8
  • ADGRL2 (1p31.1): adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L2
  • ADPRHL2: Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase ARH3
  • AMPD2: encoding enzyme AMP deaminase 2
  • ARID1A (1p36)
  • ATXN7L2: Ataxin 7-like 2
  • AZIN2: encoding enzyme Antizyme inhibitor 2 (AzI2) also known as arginine decarboxylase (ADC)
  • BCAS2: Breast carcinoma amplified sequence 2
  • BCL10 (1p22)
  • LRIF1: encoding protein Ligand-dependent nuclear receptor-interacting factor 1
  • C1orf109: chromosome 1 open reading frame 109
  • C1orf162: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open reading frame 162
  • C1orf194: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open reading frame 194
  • CZIB: chromosome 1 open reading frame 123
  • CACHD1 encoding protein Cache domain containing 1
  • CAMK2N1: encoding protein Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II inhibitor 1
  • CAMTA1 (1p36)
  • CASP9 (1p36)
  • CASZ1 (1p36): Castor zinc finger 1
  • CCDC17: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain containing 17
  • CCDC18: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain containing 18
  • CEP85: encoding protein Centrosomal protein 85
  • CFAP74: encoding protein Cilia and flagella associated protein 74
  • CHD5 (1p36)
  • CLIC4 (1p36)
  • CLSPN (1p34)
  • CMPK: UMP-CMP kinase
  • COL16A1 (1p35)
  • COL11A1: collagen, type XI, alpha 1
  • CPT2: carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
  • CRYZ: Crystallin zeta
  • CSDE1: Cold shock domain containing E1
  • CYP4B1 (1p33)
  • CYR61 (1p22)
  • DBT: dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2
  • DCLRE1B: DNA cross-link repair 1B
  • DEPDC1 encoding protein DEP domain containing 1
  • DIRAS3 (1p31): DIRAS family, GTP-binding RAS-like 3
  • DISP3: encoding protein Dispatched rnd transporter family member 3
  • DNASE2B: encoding protein Deoxyribonuclease 2 beta
  • DPH5: Diphthine synthase
  • DVL1 (1p36)
  • ENO1 (1p36)
  • EPHA2 (1p36)
  • EPS15 (1p32)
  • ESPN: espin (autosomal recessive deafness 36)
  • EVI5: ecotropic viral integration site 5
  • EXO5: encoding protein Exonuclease 5
  • EXTL1: exostosin like glycosyltransferase 1
  • EXTL2: exostosin like glycosyltransferase 2
  • FAM46B: family with sequence similarity 46, member B
  • FAM46C: family with sequence similarity 46, member C
  • FAM76A: family with sequence similarity 76, member A
  • FAM87B: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 87 member B
  • FBXO2: F-box protein 2
  • FNBP1L encoding protein Formin-binding protein 1-like
  • FPGT: Fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
  • FUBP1 (1p31)
  • GALE: UDP-galactose-4-epimerase
  • GADD45A (1p31)
  • GBP1 (1p22)
  • GBP2: guanylate binding protein 2
  • GBP5 encoding protein Guanylate binding protein 5
  • GBP6: encoding protein Guanylate binding protein family member 6
  • GJB3: gap junction protein, beta 3, 31kDa (connexin 31)
  • GLMN (1p22)
  • GNL2: G protein nucleolar 2
  • GSTM1 (1p13)
  • GUCA2B: encoding protein Guanylate cyclase activator 2B
  • HDAC1 (1p35)
  • HES2: Hes family bHLH transcription factor 2
  • HES3: Hes family bHLH transcription factor 3
  • HMGCL: 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A lyase (hydroxymethylglutaricaciduria)
  • HAO2 encoding protein Hydroxyacid oxidase 2
  • HMGCS2: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2
  • HP1BP3: Heterochromatin protein 1, binding protein 3
  • IFI6: Interferon alpha-inducible protein 6
  • IL22RA1 (1p36)
  • INTS11: Integrator complex subunit 11
  • JAK1 (1p31)
  • JUN (1p32)
  • KANK4: encoding protein KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 4
  • KCNQ4: potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 4
  • KIF1B: kinesin family member 1B
  • L1TD1: LINE-1 type transposase domain containing 1
  • LCK (1p35)
  • LINC01137: encoding protein Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1137
  • LRRC39: Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 39
  • LRRC40: Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 40
  • LRRC41: Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 41
  • LRRC8D: Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8D
  • MACO1: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 57
  • MAN1A2: Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IB
  • MAP3K6: encoding protein Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6
  • MEAF6: MYST/ESA1 associated factor 6
  • MECR: Trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase, mitochondrial
  • MFAP2: Microfibrillar-associated protein 2
  • MIB2 (1p36)
  • MIER1 (1p31)
  • MIGA1: encoding protein Mitoguardin 1
  • MFN2: mitofusin 2
  • MFSD2: Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A
  • MIR6079: microRNA 6079
  • MMEL1: Membrane metallo-endopeptidase-like 1
  • MTFR1L: mitochondrial fission regulator 1 like
  • MTHFR (1p36): 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH)
  • MUL1: Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
  • MUTYH (1p34): mutY homolog (E. coli)
  • NBPF3: Neuroblastoma breakpoint family member 3
  • NDUFA4P1: encoding protein Nadh dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4, 9kda, pseudogene 1
  • NGF: Nerve Growth Factor
  • NOL9: Nucleolar protein 9
  • NRAS (1p13)
  • NOTCH2 (1p12)
  • OLFML3: Olfactomedin-like 3
  • OMA1: Metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial
  • OVGP1: Oviductal glycoprotein 1
  • PARK7 (1p36): Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7
  • PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1
  • PLOD1: procollagen-lysine 1, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1
  • PRAMEF10: encoding protein Prame family member 10
  • PRMT6: Protein arginine methyltransferase 6
  • PRXL2B: encoding protein Peroxiredoxin like 2B
  • PSRC1: Proline/serine-rich coiled-coil protein 1
  • RAD54L: RAD54-like
  • RAP1A (1p13)
  • RBM15 (1p13)
  • RCC2: Regulator of chromosome condensation 2
  • REG4 (1p12)
  • RHBDL2: Rhomboid like 2
  • RHOC (1p13)
  • RIMS3: encoding protein Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 3
  • RLF: rearranged L-myc fusion
  • RNF11 (1p32)
  • RNF19B: encoding protein Ring finger protein 19B
  • RNF220: RING finger protein 220
  • RPA2 (1p35)
  • RSPO1 (1p34)
  • S100A1 (1q21)
  • SAMD11: encoding protein Sterile alpha motif domain containing 11
  • SDC3: Syndecan-3
  • SDHB (1p36)
  • SFPQ (1p34): encoding protein Splicing factor proline and glutamine rich
  • SGIP1: SH3 domain GRB2-like protein 3-interaction protein 1
  • SH3BGRL3: SH3 domain-binding glutamic acid-rich-like protein 3
  • SLC16A1 (1p13)
  • SLC2A1 Glucose transporter 1
  • SPSB1: SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 1
  • STIL (1p33)
  • SYCP1: Synaptonemal complex protein 1
  • SZT2: Seizure threshold 2 homolog
  • TACSTD2: tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2
  • TAL1 (1p33)
  • TCTEX1D4: encoding protein Tctex1 domain containing 4
  • TCEB3: Transcription elongation factor B polypeptide 3
  • TGFBR3 (1p22)
  • THRAP3 (1p34)
  • TIE1 (1p34)
  • TM2D1: encoding protein Tm2 domain containing 1
  • TMCO2: encoding protein transmembrane and coiled-coil domains 2
  • TMCO4: encoding protein transmembrane and coiled-coil domains 4
  • TMEM48: encoding protein nucleoporin NDC1
  • TMEM50A: Transmembrane protein 50A
  • TMEM59: Transmembrane protein 59
  • TMEM69: Transmembrane protein 69
  • TMEM201 encoding protein Transmembrane protein 201
  • TMEM222: Transmembrane protein 222
  • TOE1: Target of EGR1 protein 1
  • TRABD2B: encoding protein Trab domain containing 2b
  • TRAPPC3: Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 3
  • TRIT1: tRNA isopentenyltransferase, mitochondrial
  • TSHB: thyroid stimulating hormone, beta
  • TTC39A: Tetratricopeptide repeat 39A
  • UBR4: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component n-recognin 4
  • UROD: uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (the gene for porphyria cutanea tarda)
  • USP1 (1p31)
  • USP48: Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 48
  • VAV3 (1p13)
  • VPS13D: Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D
  • VTCN1 (1p13)
  • WARS2: Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial
  • WDR77 (1p13)
  • YBX1 (1p34)
  • ZCCHC17: zinc finger CCHC-type containing 17
  • ZFP69: encoding protein Zfp69 zinc finger protein
  • ZMYM1 encoding protein Zinc finger MYM-type containing 1
  • ZNF436: Zinc finger protein 436
  • ZNF684: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 684
  • ZYG11B encoding protein Zyg-11 family member B, cell cycle regulator
  • ZZZ3: ZZ-type zinc finger-containing protein 3

q-arm

Partial list of the genes located on q-arm (long arm) of human chromosome 1:

  • ABL2 (1q25)
  • ADIPOR1 (1q32)
  • AHCTF1: encoding protein ELYS
  • AKT3 (1q43-44)
  • ANGPTL1: Angiopoietin-related protein 1
  • ARHGEF2 (1q22)
  • ARID4B: encoding protein AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4B
  • ARV1 encoding protein ARV1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)
  • ARNT (1q21)
  • ASPM (1q31): a brain size determinant
  • ATF3 (1q32)
  • ATP2B4 (1q32)
  • BCL9 (1q21)
  • CATSPERE: encoding protein Catsper channel auxiliary subunit epsilon
  • C1orf21: chromosome 1 open reading frame 21
  • MMTAP2 encoding protein Multiple myeloma tumor-associated protein 2
  • TEX35: TEX35
  • C1orf74: chromosome 1 open reading frame 74
  • C2CD4D: C2 calcium-dependent domain-containing 4D
  • CTSS: Cathepsin S
  • CD5L: CD5 molecule like
  • CENPL: Centromere protein L
  • CENPF (1q41)
  • CHTOP: Chromatin target of prmt1
  • CNIH4: cornichon homolog 4
  • CNST: Consortin
  • CREG1: Cellular repressor of E1A stimulated genes 1
  • CRP: C-reactive protein
  • CRTC2 (1q21)
  • CSRP1: Cysteine and glycine rich protein 1
  • DCAF8: encoding protein DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 8
  • DDX59: DEAD-box helicase 59
  • DEL1Q21: encoding protein Chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome
  • DPT: Dermatopontin
  • DISC2, long non-coding RNA
  • DNAH14 encoding protein Dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 14
  • DUSP10 (1q41)
  • DUSP27: encoding protein Dual specificity phosphatase 27 (putative)
  • ECM1 (1q21)
  • EDEM3: ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein 3
  • EGLN1 (1q42)
  • ELF3: encoding protein E74 like ets transcription factor 3
  • ENAH (1q42)
  • ESRRG (1q41)
  • FAM129A: family with sequence similarity 129, member A
  • FAM163A: encoding protein neuroblastoma-derived secretory protein
  • FAM20B: FAM20B, glycosaminoglycan xylosylkinase
  • FAM63A: Family with sequence similarity 63, member A
  • FAM78B: family with sequence similarity 78, member B
  • FAM89A: encoding protein Fam89A
  • FBXO28: F-box protein 28
  • FCMR: Fc fragment of IgM receptor
  • FCGR2B (1q23)
  • FCGR2C: encoding protein Fc fragment of igg receptor iic (gene/pseudogene)
  • FH (1q43): fumarase
  • FLAD1: encoding protein Flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase 1
  • FLG-AS1: encoding protein FLG antisense RNA 1
  • FMO3: flavin containing monooxygenase 3
  • FRA1J encoding protein Fragile site, 5-azacytidine type, common, fra(1)(q12)
  • G0S2: encoding G0/G1 switch 2
  • GAS5 (1q25)
  • GBA: glucosidase, beta; acid (includes glucosylceramidase) (gene for Gaucher disease)
  • GBAP1: glucosylceramidase beta pseudogene 1
  • GLC1A: gene for glaucoma
  • GON4L: gon-4 like
  • GPA33 (1q24)
  • GPR37L1 G protein-coupled receptor 37 like 1
  • H3C13: encoding protein Histone cluster 2 h3 family member d
  • HEATR1: HEAT repeat-containing protein 1
  • HFE2: hemochromatosis type 2 (juvenile)
  • HIST2H2AB: Histone 2A type 2-B
  • HIST2H2BF: Histone H2B type 2-F
  • HIST2H3PS2: Histone cluster 2, H3, pseudogene 2
  • HIST3H2A: Histone H2A type 3
  • HIST3H2BB: Histone H2B type 3-B
  • HRM2: Hair, curly
  • IGSF8 (1q23)
  • INAVA: Innate immunity activator protein
  • INTS3: Integrator complex subunit 3
  • IRF2BP2: encoding protein Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2
  • IRF6: gene for connective tissue formation
  • KCNH1 (1q32)
  • KIF14 (1q32)
  • LEFTY1: Left-right determination factor 1
  • LHX9 encoding protein LIM homeobox 9
  • LMNA: lamin A/C
  • LMOD1: encoding protein Leiomodin 1
  • LOC645166 encoding protein Lymphocyte-specific protein 1 pseudogene
  • LYPLAL1: Lysophospholipase-like 1
  • MAPKAPK2 (1q32)
  • MIR194-1: microRNA 194-1
  • MIR5008: microRNA 5008
  • MPC2: Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2
  • MOSC1: MOCO sulphurase C-terminal domain containing 1
  • MOSC2: MOSC domain-containing protein 2, mitochondrial
  • MPZ: myelin protein zero (Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy 1B)
  • MSTO1: misato 1
  • MTR: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase
  • NAV1: Neuron navigator 1
  • NBPF16: Neuroblastoma breakpoint family, member 16
  • NOC2L: Nucleolar complex protein 2 homolog
  • NUCKS1: Nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinases substrate
  • NVL: Nuclear valosin-containing protein-like
  • OLFML2B: Olfactomedin-like 2B
  • OPTC: Opticin
  • OTUD7B: OTU domain-containing protein 7B
  • PACERR encoding protein PTGS2 antisense NFKB1 complex-mediated expression regulator RNA
  • PBX1 (1q23)
  • PEA15 (1q23)
  • PGDB5: PiggyBac transposable element derived 5
  • PIAS3 (1q21)
  • PI4KB: Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta
  • PIP5K1A (1q21): Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 alpha
  • PLA2G4A (1q31)
  • PPOX: protoporphyrinogen oxidase
  • PRCC (1q23)
  • PRR9 encoding protein Proline rich 9
  • PSEN2 (1q42): presenilin 2 (Alzheimer disease 4)
  • PTGS2 (1q31)
  • PTPN14 (1q32-41)
  • PTPN7 (1q32)
  • RABIF: RAB interacting factor
  • RASSF5 (1q32)
  • RGS2 (1q31)
  • RN5S1@: RNA, 5S ribosomal 1q42 cluster
  • RPS27 (1q21)
  • SCAMP3: Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3
  • SDHC (1q23)
  • SELE (1q24)
  • SFT2D2: encoding protein Sft2 domain containing 2
  • SHC1 (1q21)
  • SHCBP1L: encoding protein Shc binding and spindle associated 1 like
  • SLC30A10: encoding protein Solute carrier family 30 member 10
  • SLC39A1 (1q21)
  • SLC50A1: Solute carrier family 50 member 1
  • SMCP: Sperm mitochondrial-associated cysteine-rich protein
  • SMG7: nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor
  • SMYD3 (1q44)
  • SPG23
  • SPRR1A: Cornifin-A
  • SPRR1B: Cornifin-B
  • SPRR2A: Small proline rich protein 2A
  • SPRTN: Spartan
  • TARBP1: TAR (HIV-1) RNA-binding protein 1
  • TBCE: Tubulin-specific chaperone E
  • THBS3: Thrombospondin 3
  • TMCO1: Transmembrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1
  • TMEM9: Transmembrane protein 9
  • TMEM63A: Transmembrane protein 63A
  • TMEM81: Transmembrane protein 81
  • TNFAIP8L2: encoding TNF alpha induced protein 8 like 2
  • TNFSF18 (1q25)
  • TNNT2: cardiac troponin T2
  • TOR1AIP1: Torsin-1A-interacting protein 1
  • TOR3A: encoding protein Torsin family 3 member A
  • TP53BP2 (1q41)
  • TRE-CTC1-5: Transfer RNA-Glu (CTC) 1-5
  • UAP1: UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase
  • USH2A: Usher syndrome 2A (autosomal recessive, mild)
  • USF1 (1q23)
  • VANGL2: encoding protein VANGL planar cell polarity protein 2
  • VPS45: Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 45
  • VPS72: Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 72
  • YY1AP1: YY1-associated protein 1
  • ZBED6: zinc finger, BED-type containing 6
  • ZC3H11A: Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11A
  • ZNF648 encoding protein Zinc finger protein 648
  • ZNF669: Zinc finger protein 669
  • ZNF687: Zinc finger protein 687
  • ZNF692: Zinc finger protein 692
  • ZNF695: Zinc finger protein 695

Diseases and disorders

There are 890 known diseases related to this chromosome.[citation needed] Some of these diseases are hearing loss, Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma and breast cancer. Rearrangements and mutations of chromosome 1 are prevalent in cancer and many other diseases. Patterns of sequence variation reveal signals of recent selection in specific genes that may contribute to human fitness, and also in regions where no function is evident.

Complete monosomy (only having one copy of the entire chromosome) is invariably lethal before birth.[13] Complete trisomy (having three copies of the entire chromosome) is lethal within days after conception.[13] Some partial deletions and partial duplications produce birth defects.

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 1 (which contains the most known genetic diseases of any human chromosome):

Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 1
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 1 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 1 in three different resolutions (400,[14] 550[15] and 850[3]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[16] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[17]
More information Chr., Arm ...

References

  1. [1]
    "Search results - 1[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  2. [2]
    Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
  3. [3]
    Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  4. [4]
    http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/Homo_sapiens/mapview?chr=1 Chromosome size and number of genes derived from this database, retrieved 2012-03-11.
  5. [5]
    Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, et al. (May 2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..315G. doi:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414.
  6. [6]
    Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077. PMID 20441615.
  7. [7]
    "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 1". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Archived from the original on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  8. [8]
    "Chromosome 1: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  9. [9]
    "Human chromosome 1: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  10. [10]
    "Search results - 1[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  11. [11]
    "Search results - 1[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  12. [12]
    "Search results - 1[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  13. [13]
    Gersen, Steven L.; Keagle, Martha B. (2013-03-26). The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 278. ISBN 9781441916884.
  14. [14]
    Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  15. [15]
    Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  16. [16]
    International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
  17. [17]
    Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". 2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). pp. 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965. ISBN 978-1-4673-1921-8. S2CID 16666470.
  18. [18]
    "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
  19. [19]
    For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
  20. [20]
    These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
  21. [21]
    gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.

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